2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2iy5wruuedsh6.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00yc7rcvua6a7.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/37ktb71aq3480.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2d50b-7eu4558.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2d6noqpp6ehas.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1sx186c93bpzg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3dc-1n866s65i.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2w1bvggzb0ga8.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T88d,Risk of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) following exposure to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in people with type 2 diabetes and/or obesity remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate NAION incidence across randomised placebo-controlled trials evaluating the GLP-1RAs liraglutide and semaglutide. Pooled safety evaluation of NAION incidence from completed phase II, III and IV randomised placebo-controlled trials that evaluated the six Novo Nordisk-manufactured GLP-1RA products (active ingredients: liraglutide and semaglutide) in people with type 2 diabetes and/or overweight/obesity. Potential NAION cases were identified and categorised based on the likelihood of NAION occurrence (definite, probable, unlikely or not assessable). Definite or probable NAION cases were considered confirmed. This pooled analysis included 96 829 participants (GLP-1RA-treated: n=64 917; placebo-treated: n=31 912) with 205 777 participant-years of observation (PYO) (GLP-1RA-treated: 119 393 PYO; placebo-treated: 86 384 PYO). Across all trials, three confirmed NAION cases were identified in three GLP-1RA-treated participants and five confirmed cases were identified in four placebo-treated participants. In GLP-1RA-treated participants, the incidence of confirmed NAION cases was approximately three cases per 100 000 PYO, while in placebo-treated participants, the incidence was approximately six cases per 100 000 PYO. All ophthalmologist-confirmed cases reported one or more associated risk factors (eg, age >50 years, obesity, smoking, dyslipidaemia, hypertension). Data from randomised placebo-controlled trials with semaglutide and liraglutide do not show an increased incidence of NAION in participants receiving GLP-1RA treatment versus those receiving placebo and, thus, do not suggest a relationship between GLP-1RA use and NAION. Based on data from randomised placebo-controlled trials, exposure to the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) semaglutide and liraglutide was not associated with an increased incidence of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) relative to placebo.31:Tb6d, Background Risk of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) following exposure to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in people with type 2 diabetes and/or obesity remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate NAION incidence across randomised placebo-controlled trials evaluating the GLP-1RAs liraglutide and semaglutide. Methods Pooled safety evaluation of NAION incidence from completed phase II, III and IV randomised placebo-controlled trials that evaluated the six Novo Nordisk-manufactured GLP-1RA products (active ingredients: liraglutide and semaglutide) in people with type 2 diabetes and/or overweight/obesity. Potential NAION cases were identified and categorised based on the likelihood of NAION occurrence (definite, probable, unlikely or not assessable). Definite or probable NAION cases were considered confirmed. Results This pooled analysis included 96 829 participants (GLP-1RA-treated: n=64 917; placebo-treated: n=31 912) with 205 777 participant-years of observation (PYO) (GLP-1RA-treated: 119 393 PYO; placebo-treated: 86 384 PYO). Across all trials, three confirmed NAION cases were identified in three GLP-1RA-treated participants and five confirmed cases were identified in four placebo-treated participants. In GLP-1RA-treated participants, the incidence of confirmed NAION cases was approximately three cases per 100 000 PYO, while in placebo-treated participants, the incidence was approximately six cases per 100 000 PYO. All ophthalmologist-confirmed cases reported one or more associated risk factors (eg, age >50 years, obesity, smoking, dyslipidaemia, hypertension). Conclusion Data from randomised placebo-controlled trials with semaglutide and liraglutide do not show an increased incidence of NAION in participants receiving GLP-1RA treatment versus those receiving placebo and, thus, do not suggest a relationship between GLP-1RA use and NAION. Summary Based on data from randomised placebo-controlled trials, exposure to the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) semaglutide and liraglutide was not associated with an increased incidence of non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) relative to placebo. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Saxenda: brand Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Saxenda (brand). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. Updated daily.\",\"url\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/brand/Saxenda\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research Hub\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Brands\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/brand\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Saxenda\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/brand/Saxenda\"}]}}"}}]],["$","$L2f",null,{"title":"Saxenda: Research & Clinical Takeaways","description":"See clinical studies on Saxenda — efficacy, safety signals, dosing, and head-to-head results.","papers":[{"doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","pmid":"42692477","title":"Trends in GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Prescriptions for Children Ages 8 to 11 With Obesity: 2019–2026","journal_title":"Pediatrics","journal_issn":"0031-4005","published_at":"2026-09-04T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2026-077048","source_score":244,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-09-08T06:32:13.161Z","updated_at":"2026-09-08T06:32:13.161Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"age_group","value":"child","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"brand","value":"Saxenda","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"brand","value":"Wegovy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"brand","value":"Zepbound","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"category","value":"Pediatrics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pediatric Obesity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"generic","value":"liraglutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"generic","value":"semaglutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"generic","value":"tirzepatide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"safety_signal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"4","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"modality","value":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=3520531","value_numeric":3520531},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study data run through June 17, 2026; 2026 figures are partial-year estimates and may not reflect full-year trends.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"warning","value":"The 9.3% figure for 2026 reflects prevalent prescribing within a specific subgroup and timeframe (to June 2026), not the overall cohort rate of 0.6% — context matters when citing these numbers.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"warning","value":"The impact flag 'safety_signal' was applied because rapid, large-scale prescribing growth in a young age group with limited long-term pediatric safety data warrants monitoring — not because the paper itself reports adverse events.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-077048","tag_type":"warning","value":"Zepbound (tirzepatide) is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, not a pure GLP-1RA; its inclusion alongside Saxenda and Wegovy may slightly broaden the definition of 'GLP-1RA' used in this study.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This retrospective cross-sectional study of repeated annual cohorts (Epic Cosmos database) examined trends in GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) prescribing for children aged 8–11 with obesity but without diabetes from January 2019 to June 2026 (n = 3,520,531).","key_result":"Only 0.6% of eligible children received a GLP-1RA prescription overall, but prescribing rose 310-fold — from 0.03% in 2019 to 9.3% in 2026 (P < .001). Rates were higher in older children (11 yr: 79.5 vs. 8 yr: 41.5 per 10,000), females (75.9 vs. 42.8 per 10,000), those with comorbidities (188.9 per 10,000), and those with low social vulnerability (76.1 vs. 49.2 per 10,000 for high vulnerability).","limitations":"- Retrospective cross-sectional design cannot establish causation or capture whether prescriptions were filled/used.\n- Epic Cosmos captures only health systems using Epic EHR, potentially limiting generalizability.\n- No data on dosing, duration, or clinical outcomes (e.g., weight loss, adverse events).","practice_takeaway":"GLP-1RAs are being appropriately targeted to higher-risk children (older age, more comorbidities), but children with greater socioeconomic vulnerability are being prescribed them less often — a disparity worth actively addressing in clinical practice."}},{"doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","pmid":"42481750","title":"Diagnosis, staging and management of obesity: a synthesis of contemporary guidelines","journal_title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology","journal_issn":"1759-5029","published_at":"2026-07-21T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","source_score":24,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-24T13:38:12.949Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T13:38:12.949Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"brand","value":"Contrave","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"brand","value":"Qsymia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"brand","value":"Saxenda","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"brand","value":"Wegovy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"brand","value":"Zepbound","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"category","value":"Endocrinology & Metabolism","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"condition","value":"Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"condition","value":"Obesity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"condition","value":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"condition","value":"Overweight","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"condition","value":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"generic","value":"liraglutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"generic","value":"naltrexone/bupropion extended-release","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"generic","value":"phentermine/topiramate extended-release","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"generic","value":"semaglutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"generic","value":"tirzepatide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"1","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"modality","value":"Comprehensive Lifestyle Intervention","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"modality","value":"Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"modality","value":"GIP/GLP-1 Dual Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"modality","value":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"modality","value":"Intragastric Balloon","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"modality","value":"Metabolic/Bariatric Surgery","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"modality","value":"Naltrexone/Bupropion","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"modality","value":"Phentermine/Topiramate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Clinical Practice Guideline","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"warning","value":"Level of evidence '1' reflects CPG status per evidence hierarchy; individual recommendations within the guideline range from high to very low quality evidence per GRADE.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size tag was omitted because this is a guideline synthesis, not a single trial with a defined N.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"warning","value":"The paper's metadata (title, author, PDF properties) identifies this as the VA/DOD 2025 CPG for Overweight and Obesity in Adults, not the Nature Reviews Endocrinology article cited in the DOI and journal fields—there is a mismatch between the provided metadata and the actual document content. Structured extraction is based on the VA/DOD CPG full text.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41574-026-01279-0","tag_type":"warning","value":"The 'practice_changing' impact flag was applied because the guideline explicitly moves away from mandatory CLI-first stepped care before pharmacotherapy and lowers the BMI threshold for bariatric surgery (≥30 with T2DM), representing a meaningful shift from prior VA/DOD guidance.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This is the 2025 VA/DOD Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults, updated using GRADE methodology based on evidence reviewed through January 2025. It covers diagnosis, staging, and multimodal management—including lifestyle intervention, pharmacotherapy, endoscopic therapy, and metabolic/bariatric surgery—in adult Veterans and active-duty Service members.","key_result":"23 evidence-based recommendations were issued. Key strong recommendations include: (1) offering comprehensive lifestyle intervention (CLI) combining behavioral, dietary, and physical activity components; (2) semaglutide or tirzepatide for weight loss and maintenance in BMI ≥27 kg/m² with comorbidity or BMI ≥30 kg/m² (average weight loss −11.8% and −15% to −21.2%, respectively, vs. placebo). Weak recommendations support metabolic/bariatric surgery (MBS) for BMI ≥35 or BMI ≥30 with T2DM (MBS reduced BMI by 6.01 kg/m² and weight by 17.7% more than lifestyle/medical therapy). Discontinuing obesity medications is weakly advised against, as stopping semaglutide led to +6.9% weight regain vs. −7.9% with continuation (STEP 4); stopping tirzepatide led to +14.0% regain vs. −5.5% (SURMOUNT-4). No specific adiposity measure (beyond BMI) was recommended for or against due to insufficient evidence.","limitations":"Evidence base consists largely of systematic reviews and RCTs with high heterogeneity, short follow-up (often <2 years), and selective trial populations that may not reflect the VA/DOD demographic (e.g., high comorbidity burden, PTSD, combat injuries). No studies directly compared timing of pharmacotherapy initiation relative to CLI. Dose-reduction strategies for obesity medications have no evidence base.","practice_takeaway":"Offer CLI plus semaglutide or tirzepatide to eligible patients (BMI ≥30, or ≥27 with a comorbidity) rather than sequencing lifestyle before medication—there is no evidence supporting a mandatory CLI-first waiting period. Advise patients that stopping obesity medications will likely lead to substantial weight regain, so plan for long-term or lifelong therapy."}},{"doi":"10.1002/oby.70255","pmid":"42392577","title":"Appetite Suppression by\n GLP\n ‐1 Receptor Agonists: Role of Delayed Gastric Emptying","journal_title":"Obesity","journal_issn":"1930-7381","published_at":"2026-07-02T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.70255","source_score":15,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-06T13:36:09.116Z","updated_at":"2026-07-06T13:36:09.116Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1002/oby.70255","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/oby.70255","tag_type":"brand","value":"Saxenda","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/oby.70255","tag_type":"category","value":"Endocrinology & Metabolism","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/oby.70255","tag_type":"condition","value":"Obesity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/oby.70255","tag_type":"generic","value":"liraglutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/oby.70255","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/oby.70255","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/oby.70255","tag_type":"modality","value":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/oby.70255","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Secondary Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/oby.70255","tag_type":"warning","value":"Brand tag 'Saxenda' assumed as the obesity-indication formulation of liraglutide; the paper does not explicitly name the brand.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/oby.70255","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size (total N) was not explicitly stated in the abstract or results excerpt; the sample_size tag was omitted.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/oby.70255","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study uses secondary data analysis from a single liraglutide RCT; generalizability to other GLP-1RAs (semaglutide, tirzepatide) is uncertain and noted by the authors.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Secondary analysis of a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial (NCT02647944) examining whether delayed solid-food gastric emptying mediates appetite suppression (satiation, energy intake) in adults with obesity treated with liraglutide vs. placebo.","key_result":"Gastric emptying correlated significantly with energy intake across the entire cohort at baseline and end of treatment, but explained only 4–6% of variance in appetitive measures. No correlations were found within the placebo or liraglutide groups alone, and no differences in appetite were seen across subgroups with normal, persistently delayed, or transiently delayed gastric emptying on liraglutide.","limitations":"- Secondary (post-hoc) analysis limits causal inference.\n- Findings are specific to liraglutide and may not generalize to other GLP-1RAs (e.g., semaglutide, tirzepatide).\n- Gastric emptying subgroup sizes not reported, raising power concerns.","practice_takeaway":"Delayed gastric emptying appears to contribute minimally to liraglutide's appetite-suppressing effects, so GI side effects like slow emptying should not be viewed as a marker of efficacy. Clinicians need not equate gastroparesis-like symptoms with better weight-loss outcomes on GLP-1RAs."}},{"doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","pmid":"42208956","title":"Beyond weight loss: multisystem benefits of obesity medications","journal_title":"The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology","journal_issn":"2213-8587","published_at":"2026-05-28T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","source_score":136,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-20T13:35:52.381Z","updated_at":"2026-07-20T13:35:52.381Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Contrave","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Mounjaro","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Ozempic","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Qsymia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Rybelsus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Saxenda","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Wegovy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Zepbound","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"category","value":"Endocrinology & Metabolism","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Binge-Eating Disorder","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Cardiovascular Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Chronic Kidney Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Depression","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Heart Failure","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Neurodegenerative Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Obesity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Obstructive Sleep Apnoea","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Osteoarthritis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Substance Use Disorder","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Type 2 Diabetes","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"amycretin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"cagrilintide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"liraglutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"mazdutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"naltrexone-bupropion","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"phentermine-topiramate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"retatrutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"semaglutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"survodutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"tirzepatide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"modality","value":"Combination Sympathomimetic/Anticonvulsant","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"modality","value":"GIP/GLP-1 Dual Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"modality","value":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"modality","value":"Opioid Antagonist/Antidepressant Combination","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Narrative Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"warning","value":"PCOS is noted in the abstract to have been recently renamed 'polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome' — clinicians may need to search under both terms in other databases.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"warning","value":"Several investigational agents (survodutide, mazdutide, retatrutide, amycretin) were not approved as of the paper's publication date (May 2026); regulatory status may have changed.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sex data for included trial populations are not reported in the abstract; tags default to mixed given the broad multi-condition scope.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a narrative review, not a systematic review or meta-analysis — the level of evidence (LOE 3) reflects synthesis quality rather than underlying trial quality, which varies widely by comorbidity.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This review synthesises evidence from RCTs and high-quality meta-analyses on approved and late-stage obesity medications — including phentermine-topiramate, naltrexone-bupropion, GLP-1 receptor agonists (liraglutide, semaglutide), and newer multiagonists (tirzepatide, survodutide, retatrutide, cagrilintide-semaglutide, amycretin) — evaluating their effects across 13+ obesity-related comorbidities beyond weight loss itself.","key_result":"GLP-1-based and multiagonist therapies show beneficial effects across a broad range of comorbid conditions — including type 2 diabetes, MASLD, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnoea, PCOS, osteoarthritis, depression, and binge-eating and substance use disorders — with accumulating evidence that some benefits are independent of weight loss.","limitations":"As a narrative review, it does not perform a systematic meta-analysis; head-to-head comparisons between agents are largely absent; many comorbidity-specific findings come from secondary endpoints of trials not primarily powered for those outcomes.","practice_takeaway":"When selecting an obesity medication, clinicians should consider the patient's full comorbidity profile — not just expected weight loss — as GLP-1-based therapies offer pleiotropic benefits (e.g., cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, neuropsychiatric) that may differ meaningfully across agents.\n\nWeight-loss-independent effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists are now supported by enough evidence to factor into shared decision-making for patients with heart failure, CKD, OSA, or mood disorders."}},{"doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","pmid":"42049287","title":"Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy incidence in placebo-controlled clinical trials of liraglutide or semaglutide","journal_title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology","journal_issn":"0007-1161","published_at":"2026-04-29T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","source_score":15,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-05-01","doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","days":"14","issn":"0007-1161","rank":"3","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"15","category":"Ophthalmology","categories":["Ophthalmology"],"_categories":["Ophthalmology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","title":"Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy incidence in placebo-controlled clinical trials of liraglutide or semaglutide.","journal":"The British journal of ophthalmology","methods":"","results":"This pooled analysis included 96 829 participants (GLP-1RA-treated: n=64 917; placebo-treated: n=31 912) with 205 777 participant-years of observation (PYO) (GLP-1RA-treated: 119 393 PYO; placebo-treated: 86 384 PYO). Across all trials, three confirmed NAION cases were identified in three GLP-1RA-treated participants and five confirmed cases were identified in four placebo-treated participants. In GLP-1RA-treated participants, the incidence of confirmed NAION cases was approximately three cases per 100 000 PYO, while in placebo-treated participants, the incidence was approximately six cases per 100 000 PYO. All ophthalmologist-confirmed cases reported one or more associated risk factors (eg, age >50 years, obesity, smoking, dyslipidaemia, hypertension).","abstract":"$30","keywords":["Optic Nerve"],"pubmed_id":"42049287","conclusions":"Data from randomised placebo-controlled trials with semaglutide and liraglutide do not show an increased incidence of NAION in participants receiving GLP-1RA treatment versus those receiving placebo and, thus, do not suggest a relationship between GLP-1RA use and NAION.","publication_date":"2026-04-29T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","ISSN":["0007-1161","1468-2079"],"link":[{"URL":"https://syndication.highwire.org/content/doi/10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":"bjo-2025-328729","type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy incidence in placebo-controlled clinical trials of liraglutide or semaglutide"],"author":[{"given":"Tina","family":"Vilsbøll","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Dikshit","family":"Arun Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk India Pvt Ltd, Bangalore, India"}]},{"given":"Lloyd Paul","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Rönnbäck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Stellfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Lars Michael","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Opthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}]}],"funder":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk A/S","award":["N/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N/A"]}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"member":"239","prefix":"10.1136","source":"Crossref","volume":null,"created":{"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:20:19Z","timestamp":1777378819000,"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:16:07Z","timestamp":1777443367295,"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"license":[{"URL":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","start":{"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000,"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"unspecified"}],"subject":[],"abstract":"$31","accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://bjo.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bjo-2025-328729"}},"subtitle":[],"deposited":{"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:20:21Z","timestamp":1777378821000,"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0007-1161"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-2079"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"publisher":"BMJ","reference":[{"DOI":"10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.11.002","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.3390/vision7040072","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.2","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"Salvetat","volume":"7","first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":"Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NA-AION): A Comprehensive Overview","journal-title":"Vision (Basel)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJMra1413352","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.3","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.59556/japi.72.0621","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.4","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"Singh","volume":"72","first-page":"11","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy and Semaglutide: What is This All About?","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1097/APO.0b013e3182902e45","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.5","year":"2013","issue":null,"author":"Storoni","volume":"2","first-page":"132","unstructured":null,"article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1136/bmjophth-2022-001111","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.6","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"Kohli","volume":"7","first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and its components are associated with non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.05.027","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.7","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41433-024-03136-8","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.8","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"Parthasarathi","volume":"38","first-page":"2267","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Review of evidence for treatments of acute non arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1097/00041327-199403000-00011","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.9","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ajo.2016.08.006","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.10","year":"2016","issue":null,"author":"Lee","volume":"170","first-page":"183","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Increased Risk of Stroke in Patients With Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1186/s40942-024-00620-x","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.11","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"Grauslund","volume":"10","first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":"Once-weekly semaglutide doubles the five-year risk of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in a Danish cohort of 424,152 persons with type 2 diabetes","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.01.054","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.12","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.2337/dc24-1082","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.13","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"Ladebo","volume":"47","first-page":"1834","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Real-World Use of Semaglutide for Weight Management: Patient Characteristics and Dose Titration-A Danish Cohort Study","journal-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2024.10.030","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.14","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"Chou","volume":"132","first-page":"381","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Association between Semaglutide and Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Multinational Population-Based Study","journal-title":"Ophthalmology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2024.2296","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.15","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"Hathaway","volume":"142","first-page":"732","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Risk of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in Patients Prescribed Semaglutide","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1177/19322968241268050","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.16","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1111/dom.16316","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.17","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ajo.2025.02.025","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.18","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2024.6555","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.19","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"Cai","volume":"143","first-page":"304","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Semaglutide and Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.orcp.2025.01.011","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.20","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"Azab","volume":"19","first-page":"77","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Semaglutide: Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in the FDA adverse event reporting system - A disproportionality analysis","journal-title":"Obes Res Clin Pract","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJMoa1901118","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.21","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJMoa2307563","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.22","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/eurheartj/ehae613","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.23","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJMoa1607141","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.24","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJMoa1603827","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.25","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJMoa2501006","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.26","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1111/dom.16076","key":"2026042805200935000_bjo-2025-328729v1.27","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"Silverii","volume":"27","first-page":"1005","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor agonists and risk for ischemic optic neuropathy: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"}],"short-title":[],"update-policy":"https://doi.org/10.1136/crossmarkpolicy","alternative-id":["10.1136/bjo-2025-328729"],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"original-title":[],"container-title":["British Journal of Ophthalmology"],"reference-count":27,"published-online":{"date-time":null,"timestamp":null,"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"references-count":27,"short-container-title":["Br J Ophthalmol"],"is-referenced-by-count":0},"unpaywall":{"doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","is_oa":true,"title":"Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy incidence in placebo-controlled clinical trials of liraglutide or semaglutide","updated":"2026-04-30T09:32:37+00:00","published_date":"2026-04-28","best_oa_location":{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","pmh_id":null,"url_for_pdf":null,"url_for_landing_page":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2025-328729"}}},"created_at":"2026-05-07T22:50:59.300Z","updated_at":"2026-05-14T15:13:26.918Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"brand","value":"Ozempic","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"brand","value":"Saxenda","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"brand","value":"Victoza","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"brand","value":"Wegovy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"category","value":"Ophthalmology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"condition","value":"Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"condition","value":"Obesity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"condition","value":"Type 2 Diabetes","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"generic","value":"liraglutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"generic","value":"semaglutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"1","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"modality","value":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=96,829","value_numeric":96829},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Pooled Safety Analysis of Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trials","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"warning","value":"Absolute NAION case counts are very small (3 GLP-1RA vs. 5 placebo), so no formal statistical comparison (e.g., hazard ratio with CI) is reported; the numerical difference should be interpreted cautiously.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"warning","value":"Level of evidence rated as 1 based on pooled RCT design, but this is a safety sub-analysis, not a primary efficacy trial, which may affect confidence in the estimate.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2025-328729","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study is industry-sponsored (Novo Nordisk) and only covers Novo Nordisk-manufactured GLP-1RAs; generalisability to other agents in the class (e.g., tirzepatide, dulaglutide) is uncertain.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Pooled safety analysis of NAION incidence across completed phase II, III, and IV randomised placebo-controlled trials of Novo Nordisk GLP-1RAs (liraglutide and semaglutide) in adults with type 2 diabetes and/or overweight/obesity; 96,829 participants and 205,777 participant-years of observation (PYO).","key_result":"Confirmed NAION occurred in 3 GLP-1RA-treated participants (~3 per 100,000 PYO) vs. 5 cases in 4 placebo-treated participants (~6 per 100,000 PYO), with no signal of increased NAION risk from GLP-1RA use.","limitations":"- Only includes trials of two manufacturers' GLP-1RAs (liraglutide/semaglutide by Novo Nordisk); findings may not generalise to other GLP-1RAs.\n- NAION is rare, so absolute case numbers are very small (3 vs. 5 cases), limiting statistical power.\n- Observational confounding cannot be fully excluded, as all confirmed NAION cases had one or more known risk factors.","practice_takeaway":"Based on RCT-level pooled data, clinicians can reassure patients that liraglutide and semaglutide do not appear to raise NAION risk compared with placebo. However, patients with classic NAION risk factors (age >50, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, smoking) should still be monitored for visual symptoms."}}],"initialOffset":5,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"brand","value":"Saxenda"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Brands","href":"/hub/tag/brand"},{"name":"Saxenda"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"brand","hub_tag_value":"Saxenda"}}}]]

Papers