2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T744,Physical inactivity constitutes a pressing societal problem. To realize physical activity's (PA) potential as a key health resource, mechanisms of PA engagement need to be understood. Laboratory and interventional studies documented that exercise relates to affective well-being (AWB) and suggested that AWB may shape PA behaviour. Digitalization enabled the investigation of how PA relates to AWB in everyday life, but findings from individual studies are ambiguous. Here we compiled 67 datasets (55.2% of eligible records) including 321,345 smartphone-based AWB ratings and nearly 1,000,000 h of accelerometer-measured PA (N = 8,223 participants) until December 2023 to clarify the nature and extent of PA-AWB associations. One- and two-stage individual participant data meta-analyses reveal that momentary AWB is associated with both prior (within, r = 0.05, 99.2% confidence intervals (CI) 0.03 to 0.06; between, r = 0.08, 99.2% CI 0.04 to 0.12) and subsequent (within, r = 0.04, 99.2% CI 0.03 to 0.05; between, r = 0.08, 99.2% CI 0.04 to 0.13) short-term PA in everyday life. Within persons, PA displays a positive association with energetic arousal, positive affective states and valence, yet a negative relation to calmness. The practical effect sizes are comparable to other daily life activities, with energetic arousal evincing the strongest relation to PA. Considerable heterogeneity in associations across individuals can be partially explained by sociodemographic moderators. Between participants, PA relates to positive affective states. The results document the critical relevance of PA-AWB relations in everyday life. They can contribute to the revision and development of health behaviour models and establish a starting point to approach behavioural, physiological and neuronal mechanisms underlying PA-AWB associations.31:T90e,Abstract Physical inactivity constitutes a pressing societal problem. To realize physical activity’s (PA) potential as a key health resource, mechanisms of PA engagement need to be understood. Laboratory and interventional studies documented that exercise relates to affective well-being (AWB) and suggested that AWB may shape PA behaviour. Digitalization enabled the investigation of how PA relates to AWB in everyday life, but findings from individual studies are ambiguous. Here we compiled 67 datasets (55.2% of eligible records) including 321,345 smartphone-based AWB ratings and nearly 1,000,000 h of accelerometer-measured PA ( N = 8,223 participants) until December 2023 to clarify the nature and extent of PA–AWB associations. One- and two-stage individual participant data meta-analyses reveal that momentary AWB is associated with both prior (within, r = 0.05, 99.2% confidence intervals (CI) 0.03 to 0.06; between, r = 0.08, 99.2% CI 0.04 to 0.12) and subsequent (within, r = 0.04, 99.2% CI 0.03 to 0.05; between, r = 0.08, 99.2% CI 0.04 to 0.13) short-term PA in everyday life. Within persons, PA displays a positive association with energetic arousal, positive affective states and valence, yet a negative relation to calmness. The practical effect sizes are comparable to other daily life activities, with energetic arousal evincing the strongest relation to PA. Considerable heterogeneity in associations across individuals can be partially explained by sociodemographic moderators. Between participants, PA relates to positive affective states. The results document the critical relevance of PA–AWB relations in everyday life. They can contribute to the revision and development of health behaviour models and establish a starting point to approach behavioural, physiological and neuronal mechanisms underlying PA–AWB associations. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Affective Well-Being: condition Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Affective Well-Being (condition). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. Updated daily.\",\"url\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition/Affective%20Well-Being\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research Hub\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Conditions\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Affective Well-Being\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition/Affective%20Well-Being\"}]}}"}}]],["$","$L2f",null,{"title":"Affective Well-Being: Research & Clinical Takeaways","description":"Discover peer-reviewed research on Affective Well-Being with concise clinician summaries and next-step guidance.","papers":[{"doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","pmid":"42092045","title":"An individual participant data meta-analysis of how physical activity relates to affective well-being in daily life","journal_title":"Nature Human Behaviour","journal_issn":"2397-3374","published_at":"2026-05-07T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","source_score":95,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-05-11","doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","days":"7","issn":"2397-3374","rank":"3","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"95","category":"Neurosciences","categories":["Neurosciences"],"_categories":["Neurosciences"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","title":"An individual participant data meta-analysis of how physical activity relates to affective well-being in daily life.","journal":"Nature human behaviour","methods":"","results":"","abstract":"$30","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"42092045","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2026-05-07T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","ISSN":["2397-3374"],"link":[{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-026-02427-2.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-026-02427-2","content-type":"text/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-026-02427-2.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["An individual participant data meta-analysis of how physical activity relates to affective well-being in daily life"],"author":[{"given":"Johanna","family":"Rehder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Timm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gesa","family":"Berretz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Reinhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas B.","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Onur","family":"Güntürkün","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Keisuke","family":"Takano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Bierbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Cabrita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Bourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Smyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jinhyuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Michalak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Curtiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Björn","family":"Pannicke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jacob B.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Abrantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yoshiharu","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lena M.","family":"Wieland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Birte","family":"von Haaren-Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Hachenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Vetrovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Benajmin","family":"Henwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Poppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gorden","family":"Sudeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Hollands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea B.","family":"Goldschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Martire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Kanning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaclyn P.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yu-Mei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Reininghaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Corina","family":"Berli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Seiferth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Derek J.","family":"Hevel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Leger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amanda E.","family":"Staiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Almut","family":"Zeeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Calza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Geralyn R.","family":"Ruissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":null,"family":null,"sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Reif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Freitag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jutta","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Toni","family":"Ramos-Quiroga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Fadeuilhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonna","family":"Kuntsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Asherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Pawley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Buitelaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Suess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Ebner-Priemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas R.","family":"Schwerdtfeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Haucke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Loree T.","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Siwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Meyer-Lindenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Genevieve F.","family":"Dunton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Steriani","family":"Elavsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ulrich W.","family":"Ebner-Priemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Giurgiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Packheiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Reichert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"member":"297","prefix":"10.1038","source":"Crossref","volume":null,"created":{"date-time":"2026-05-06T09:06:04Z","timestamp":1778058364000,"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2026-05-06T09:23:10Z","timestamp":1778059390420,"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"license":[{"URL":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","start":{"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000,"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"tdm"},{"URL":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","start":{"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000,"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"vor"}],"subject":[],"abstract":"$31","language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-026-02427-2"}},"subtitle":[],"assertion":[{"name":"received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Received","order":1,"value":"25 June 2025"},{"name":"accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Accepted","order":2,"value":"17 February 2026"},{"name":"first_online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"First Online","order":3,"value":"6 May 2026"},{"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"},"order":1,"value":"The authors declare no competing interests."}],"deposited":{"date-time":"2026-05-06T09:06:38Z","timestamp":1778058398000,"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2397-3374"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","reference":[{"DOI":"10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","key":"2427_CR1","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"M Brauer","volume":"403","first-page":"2162","unstructured":"Brauer, M. et al. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403, 2162–2203 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00150-5","key":"2427_CR2","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"T Strain","volume":"12","first-page":"e1232","unstructured":"Strain, T. et al. National, regional, and global trends in insufficient physical activity among adults from 2000 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 507 population-based surveys with 5.7 million participants. Lancet Glob. Health 12, e1232–e1243 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30323-2","key":"2427_CR3","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"R Guthold","volume":"4","first-page":"23","unstructured":"Guthold, R., Stevens, G. A., Riley, L. M. & Bull, F. C. Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1.6 million participants. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 4, 23–35 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR4","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Global Action Plan On Physical Activity 2018–2030: More Active People For A Healthier World (WHO, 2018).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1136/bjsports-2020-102590","key":"2427_CR5","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"M Hafner","volume":"54","first-page":"1482","unstructured":"Hafner, M. et al. Estimating the global economic benefits of physically active populations over 30 years (2020-2050). Br. J. Sports Med. 54, 1482–1487 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.arr.2021.101265","key":"2427_CR6","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"H Chaabene","volume":"67","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Chaabene, H. et al. Home-based exercise programmes improve physical fitness of healthy older adults: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis with relevance for COVID-19. Ageing Res. Rev. 67, 101265 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/bmj.l1495","key":"2427_CR7","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"M Kivimäki","volume":"365","first-page":"l1495","unstructured":"Kivimäki, M. et al. Physical inactivity, cardiometabolic disease, and risk of dementia: an individual-participant meta-analysis. Br. Med. J. 365, l1495 (2019).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Br. Med. J.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/bmj-2023-075847","key":"2427_CR8","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"M Noetel","volume":"384","first-page":"q1024","unstructured":"Noetel, M. et al. Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br. Med. J. 384, q1024 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Br. Med. J.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1007/s40279-017-0769-0","key":"2427_CR9","year":"2017","issue":null,"author":"BR Gordon","volume":"47","first-page":"2521","unstructured":"Gordon, B. R., McDowell, C. P., Lyons, M. & Herring, M. P. The effects of resistance exercise training on anxiety: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sports Med. 47, 2521–2532 (2017).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Sports Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/schbul/sbv164","key":"2427_CR10","year":"2016","issue":null,"author":"M Dauwan","volume":"42","first-page":"588","unstructured":"Dauwan, M., Begemann, M. J. H., Heringa, S. M. & Sommer, I. E. Exercise improves clinical symptoms, quality of life, global functioning, and depression in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr. Bull. 42, 588–599 (2016).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1080/08870446.2019.1675659","key":"2427_CR11","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"DM Williams","volume":"34","first-page":"1267","unstructured":"Williams, D. M., Rhodes, R. E. & Conner, M. T. Conceptualizing and intervening on affective determinants of health behaviour. Psychol. Health 34, 1267–1281 (2019).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.018","key":"2427_CR12","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"P Ekkekakis","volume":"42","first-page":"130","unstructured":"Ekkekakis, P. & Brand, R. Affective responses to and automatic affective valuations of physical activity: fifty years of progress on the seminal question in exercise psychology. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 42, 130–137 (2019).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1080/08870446.2017.1320798","key":"2427_CR13","year":"2018","issue":null,"author":"P van Cappellen","volume":"33","first-page":"77","unstructured":"van Cappellen, P., Rice, E. L., Catalino, L. I. & Fredrickson, B. L. Positive affective processes underlie positive health behavior change. Psychol. Health 33, 77–97 (2018).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568331","key":"2427_CR14","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"CJ Stevens","volume":"11","first-page":"568331","unstructured":"Stevens, C. J. et al. Affective determinants of physical activity: a conceptual framework and narrative review. Front. Psychol. 11, 568331 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Front. Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1080/02699930302292","key":"2427_CR15","year":"2003","issue":null,"author":"P Ekkekakis","volume":"17","first-page":"213","unstructured":"Ekkekakis, P. Pleasure and displeasure from the body: perspectives from exercise. Cogn. Emot. 17, 213–239 (2003).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Cogn. Emot.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41586-022-05525-z","key":"2427_CR16","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"L Dohnalová","volume":"612","first-page":"739","unstructured":"Dohnalová, L. et al. A microbiome-dependent gut–brain pathway regulates motivation for exercise. Nature 612, 739–747 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.11.010","key":"2427_CR17","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"RE Rhodes","volume":"42","first-page":"100","unstructured":"Rhodes, R. E., McEwan, D. & Rebar, A. L. Theories of physical activity behaviour change: a history and synthesis of approaches. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 42, 100–109 (2019).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41562-021-01130-8","key":"2427_CR18","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"D Dukes","volume":"5","first-page":"816","unstructured":"Dukes, D. et al. The rise of affectivism. Nat. Hum. Behav. 5, 816–820 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.05.009","key":"2427_CR19","year":"2009","issue":null,"author":"J Reed","volume":"10","first-page":"581","unstructured":"Reed, J. & Buck, S. The effect of regular aerobic exercise on positive-activated affect: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 10, 581–594 (2009).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.11.003","key":"2427_CR20","year":"2006","issue":null,"author":"J Reed","volume":"7","first-page":"477","unstructured":"Reed, J. & Ones, D. S. The effect of acute aerobic exercise on positive activated affect: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 7, 477–514 (2006).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1080/17437199.2020.1760728","key":"2427_CR21","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"S Buecker","volume":"15","first-page":"574","unstructured":"Buecker, S., Simacek, T., Ingwersen, B., Terwiel, S. & Simonsmeier, B. A. Physical activity and subjective well-being in healthy individuals: a meta-analytic review. Health Psychol. Rev. 15, 574–592 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185510","key":"2427_CR22","year":"2013","issue":null,"author":"TJ Trull","volume":"9","first-page":"151","unstructured":"Trull, T. J. & Ebner-Priemer, U. Ambulatory assessment. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 9, 151–176 (2013).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.5860/choice.50-1159","key":"2427_CR23","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Mehl, M., Conner, T. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. Handbook of research methods for studying daily life. Choice Rev. Online https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.50-1159 (2014).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1111/bjhp.12000","key":"2427_CR24","year":"2013","issue":null,"author":"J Kim","volume":"18","first-page":"155","unstructured":"Kim, J., Kikuchi, H. & Yamamoto, Y. Systematic comparison between ecological momentary assessment and day reconstruction method for fatigue and mood states in healthy adults. Br. J. Health Psychol. 18, 155–167 (2013).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR25","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Hamaker, E. L. in Handbook of Research Methods for Studying Daily Life (eds Mehl, M. R. & Conner, T. S.) 43–61 (Guilford Press, 2012).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.2307/2087176","key":"2427_CR26","year":"1950","issue":null,"author":"WS Robinson","volume":"15","first-page":"351","unstructured":"Robinson, W. S. Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals. Am. Sociol. Rev. 15, 351–357 (1950).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1037/hea0000466","key":"2427_CR27","year":"2017","issue":null,"author":"MJ Zawadzki","volume":"36","first-page":"811","unstructured":"Zawadzki, M. J., Smyth, J. M., Sliwinski, M. J., Ruiz, J. M. & Gerin, W. Revisiting the lack of association between affect and physiology: contrasting between-person and within-person analyses. Health Psychol. 36, 811–818 (2017).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Health Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1111/1469-8986.00069","key":"2427_CR28","year":"2003","issue":null,"author":"TW Kamarck","volume":"40","first-page":"675","unstructured":"Kamarck, T. W., Schwartz, J. E., Janicki, D. L., Shiffman, S. & Raynor, D. A. Correspondence between laboratory and ambulatory measures of cardiovascular reactivity: a multilevel modeling approach. Psychophysiology 40, 675–683 (2003).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychophysiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1007/s12662-022-00823-0","key":"2427_CR29","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"M Reichert","volume":"52","first-page":"282","unstructured":"Reichert, M. et al. The association of stress and physical activity: mind the ecological fallacy. Ger. J. Exerc. Sport Res. 52, 282–289 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Ger. J. Exerc. Sport Res.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1207/s15366359mea0204_1","key":"2427_CR30","year":"2004","issue":null,"author":"PCM Molenaar","volume":"2","first-page":"201","unstructured":"Molenaar, P. C. M. A manifesto on psychology as idiographic science: bringing the person back into scientific psychology, this time forever. Meas. Interdiscip. Res. Perspect. 2, 201–218 (2004).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Meas. Interdiscip. Res. Perspect.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1002/wps.21086","key":"2427_CR31","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"A Meyer-Lindenberg","volume":"22","first-page":"272","unstructured":"Meyer-Lindenberg, A. The non-ergodic nature of mental health and psychiatric disorders: implications for biomarker and diagnostic research. World Psychiatry 22, 272–274 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"World Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jama.2018.6621","key":"2427_CR32","year":"2018","issue":null,"author":"GF Dunton","volume":"320","first-page":"639","unstructured":"Dunton, G. F. Sustaining health-protective behaviors such as physical activity and healthy eating. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 320, 639–640 (2018).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1249/JES.0000000000000092","key":"2427_CR33","year":"2017","issue":null,"author":"GF Dunton","volume":"45","first-page":"48","unstructured":"Dunton, G. F. Ecological momentary assessment in physical activity research. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 45, 48–54 (2017).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1007/s40279-024-02016-1","key":"2427_CR34","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"I Timm","volume":"54","first-page":"1667","unstructured":"Timm, I., Giurgiu, M., Ebner-Priemer, U. W. & Reichert, M. The within-subject association of physical behavior and affective well-being in everyday life: a systematic literature review. Sports Med. 54, 1667–1705 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Sports Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101742","key":"2427_CR35","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"M Reichert","volume":"50","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Reichert, M. et al. Ambulatory assessment for physical activity research: State of the science, best practices and future directions. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 50, 101742 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1126/sciadv.aaz8934","key":"2427_CR36","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"M Reichert","volume":"6","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Reichert, M. et al. A neural mechanism for affective well-being: subgenual cingulate cortex mediates real-life effects of nonexercise activity on energy. Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz8934 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Sci. Adv.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s44220-024-00204-6","key":"2427_CR37","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"A Benedyk","volume":"2","first-page":"337","unstructured":"Benedyk, A. et al. Real-life behavioral and neural circuit markers of physical activity as a compensatory mechanism for social isolation. Nat. Mental Health 2, 337–342 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Nat. Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01975","key":"2427_CR38","year":"2015","issue":null,"author":"Y Liao","volume":"6","first-page":"1975","unstructured":"Liao, Y., Shonkoff, E. T. & Dunton, G. F. The acute relationships between affect, physical feeling states, and physical activity in daily life: a review of current evidence. Front. Psychol. 6, 1975 (2015).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Front. Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101825","key":"2427_CR39","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"M Bourke","volume":"52","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Bourke, M., Hilland, T. A. & Craike, M. A systematic review of the within-person association between physical activity and affect in children’s and adolescents’ daily lives. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 52, 101825 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/oso/9780190499037.001.0001","key":"2427_CR40","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Williams, D. M., Rhodes, R. E. & Conner, M. T. (eds) Affective Determinants of Health Behavior (Oxford Univ. Press, 2018).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR41","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Bushman, B. J. & Wang, M. C. in The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis (eds Cooper, H., Hedges, L. V. & Valentine, J. C.) 207–220 (Russell Sage Foundation, 2009).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01075-1","key":"2427_CR42","year":"2001","issue":null,"author":"L Friedman","volume":"49","first-page":"161","unstructured":"Friedman, L. Why vote-count reviews don’t count (multiple letters). Biol. Psychiatry 49, 161–162 (2001).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR43","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Simmonds, M. C. & Stewart, L. A. in Systematic Reviews in Health Research (eds Egger, M., Higgins, J. P. T. & Davey Smith, G.) 220–237 (Wiley, 2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1016/0140-6736(93)93004-K","key":"2427_CR44","year":"1993","issue":null,"author":"LA Stewart","volume":"341","first-page":"418","unstructured":"Stewart, L. A. & Parmar, M. K. Meta-analysis of the literature or of individual patient data: is there a difference? Lancet 341, 418–422 (1993).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1027/1015-5759.23.4.258","key":"2427_CR45","year":"2007","issue":null,"author":"P Wilhelm","volume":"23","first-page":"258","unstructured":"Wilhelm, P. & Schoebi, D. Assessing mood in daily life: structural validity, sensitivity to change, and reliability of a short-scale to measure three basic dimensions of mood. Eur. J. Psychol. Assess. 23, 258–267 (2007).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Eur. J. Psychol. Assess.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0337897","key":"2427_CR46","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Olfermann, R., Ebner-Priemer, U., Reichert, M. & Giurgiu, M. Comparability of accelerometry outcomes across popular metrics and widespread sensor positions. PLoS One 20, e0337897 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1123/jmpb.2019-0068","key":"2427_CR47","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"M Giurgiu","volume":"3","first-page":"253","unstructured":"Giurgiu, M. et al. Validating accelerometers for the assessment of body position and sedentary behavior. J. Meas. Phys. Behav. 3, 253–263 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Meas. Phys. Behav.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063","key":"2427_CR48","year":"1988","issue":null,"author":"D Watson","volume":"54","first-page":"1063","unstructured":"Watson, D., Clark, L. A. & Tellegen, A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 54, 1063–1070 (1988).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/B978-0-08-100508-8.00012-6","key":"2427_CR49","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Ekkekakis, P. & Zenko, Z. in Emotion Measurement, (ed. Meiselman, H. L.) 299–321 (Elsevier, 2016).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1007/s10865-020-00197-4","key":"2427_CR50","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"M Bourke","volume":"44","first-page":"296","unstructured":"Bourke, M., Hilland, T. A. & Craike, M. Contextual influences on the within-person association between physical activity and affect in adolescents: an ecological momentary assessment study. J. Behav. Med. 44, 296–309 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Behav. Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1007/s10902-021-00431-z","key":"2427_CR51","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"M Bourke","volume":"23","first-page":"949","unstructured":"Bourke, M., Hilland, T. A. & Craike, M. Daily physical activity and satisfaction with life in adolescents: an ecological momentary assessment study exploring direct associations and the mediating role of core affect. J. Happiness Stud. 23, 949–968 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1080/08870446.2021.1965603","key":"2427_CR52","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"M Bourke","volume":"38","first-page":"369","unstructured":"Bourke, M., Hilland, T. A. & Craike, M. Domain specific association between physical activity and affect in adolescents’ daily lives: an ecological momentary assessment study. Psychol. Health 38, 369–388 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s44220-023-00085-1","key":"2427_CR53","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"C Seiferth","volume":"1","first-page":"542","unstructured":"Seiferth, C. et al. How to e-mental health: a guideline for researchers and practitioners using digital technology in the context of mental health. Nat. Mental Health 1, 542–554 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Nat. Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1186/s12966-023-01507-0","key":"2427_CR54","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"I Timm","volume":"20","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Timm, I., Reichert, M., Ebner-Priemer, U. W. & Giurgiu, M. Momentary within-subject associations of affective states and physical behavior are moderated by weather conditions in real life: an ambulatory assessment study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 20, 117 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1017/CBO9780511820724","key":"2427_CR55","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Ekkekakis, P. The Measurement of Affect, Mood, and Emotion: A Guide for Health-Behavioral Research (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR56","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Larsen, R. J. & Diener, E. in Emotion: Review of Personality and Social Psychology Vol. 13 (ed. Clark, M. S.) 25–59 (Sage, 1992).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1126/science.1192439","key":"2427_CR57","year":"2010","issue":null,"author":"MA Killingsworth","volume":"330","first-page":"932","unstructured":"Killingsworth, M. A. & Gilbert, D. T. A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science 330, 932 (2010).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1037/hea0000303","key":"2427_CR58","year":"2015","issue":null,"author":"N Stavrakakis","volume":"34S","first-page":"1268","unstructured":"Stavrakakis, N. et al. Temporal dynamics of physical activity and affect in depressed and nondepressed individuals. Health Psychol. 34S, 1268–1277 (2015).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Health Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1002/da.23298","key":"2427_CR59","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"S Difrancesco","volume":"39","first-page":"922","unstructured":"Difrancesco, S. et al. Within-day bidirectional associations between physical activity and affect: a real-time ambulatory study in persons with and without depressive and anxiety disorders. Depress. Anxiety 39, 922–931 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-102419-125032","key":"2427_CR60","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"AGC Wright","volume":"16","first-page":"49","unstructured":"Wright, A. G. C. & Woods, W. C. Personalized models of psychopathology. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 16, 49–74 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182545d47","key":"2427_CR61","year":"2012","issue":null,"author":"JGM Rosmalen","volume":"74","first-page":"377","unstructured":"Rosmalen, J. G. M., Wenting, A. M. G., Roest, A. M., Jonge, P. D. & Bos, E. H. Revealing causal heterogeneity using time series analysis of ambulatory assessments: application to the association between depression and physical activity after myocardial infarction. Psychosom. Med. 74, 377–386 (2012).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychosom. Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1080/02640410400021492","key":"2427_CR62","year":"2005","issue":null,"author":"P Ekkekakis","volume":"23","first-page":"477","unstructured":"Ekkekakis, P., Hall, E. E. & Petruzzello, S. J. Variation and homogeneity in affective responses to physical activity of varying intensities: an alternative perspective on dose-response based on evolutionary considerations. J. Sports Sci. 23, 477–500 (2005).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Sports Sci.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1080/17437199.2020.1718527","key":"2427_CR63","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"C Alcántara","volume":"14","first-page":"132","unstructured":"Alcántara, C. et al. Social determinants as moderators of the effectiveness of health behavior change interventions: scientific gaps and opportunities. Health Psychol. Rev. 14, 132–144 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31561-0","key":"2427_CR64","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"F Mauvais-Jarvis","volume":"396","first-page":"565","unstructured":"Mauvais-Jarvis, F. et al. Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine. Lancet 396, 565–582 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T","key":"2427_CR65","year":"1991","issue":null,"author":"I Ajzen","volume":"50","first-page":"179","unstructured":"Ajzen, I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 50, 179–211 (1991).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1177/109019817400200403","key":"2427_CR66","year":"1974","issue":null,"author":"IM Rosenstock","volume":"2","first-page":"328","unstructured":"Rosenstock, I. M. Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Educ. Monogr. 2, 328–335 (1974).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Health Educ. Monogr.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1007/BF01663995","key":"2427_CR67","year":"1977","issue":null,"author":"A Bandura","volume":"1","first-page":"287","unstructured":"Bandura, A. & Adams, N. E. Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change. Cogn. Ther. Res. 1, 287–310 (1977).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7_2","key":"2427_CR68","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. in Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior (eds Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M.) 11–40 (Springer, 1985).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1037/0022-006X.51.3.390","key":"2427_CR69","year":"1983","issue":null,"author":"JO Prochaska","volume":"51","first-page":"390","unstructured":"Prochaska, J. O. & DiClemente, C. C. Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 51, 390–395 (1983).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/bjsports-2022-106640","key":"2427_CR70","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"K Feil","volume":"57","first-page":"1265","unstructured":"Feil, K., Fritsch, J. & Rhodes, R. E. The intention–behaviour gap in physical activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the action control framework. Br. J. Sports Med. 57, 1265–1271 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.3389/fspor.2023.1282118","key":"2427_CR71","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"MA Stults-Kolehmainen","volume":"5","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Stults-Kolehmainen, M. A., Dunton, G., Boullosa, D., Ash, G. I. & Filgueiras, A. Editorial: motivation states and hedonic motivation for physical activity, exercise, and sport vs. sedentary behaviors. Front. Sports Act. Living 5, 1282118 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Front. Sports Act. Living","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568390","key":"2427_CR72","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"MA Stults-Kolehmainen","volume":"11","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Stults-Kolehmainen, M. A. et al. Motivation states for physical activity and sedentary behavior: desire, urge, wanting, and craving. Front. Psychol. 11, 568390 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Front. Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/oso/9780190499037.001.0001","key":"2427_CR73","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Williams, D. M. in Affective Determinants Of Health Behavior (eds Lliams, D. M., Rhodes, R. E. & Conner, M. T.) 204–234 (Oxford Academic, 2018).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.2165/11590680-000000000-00000","key":"2427_CR74","year":"2011","issue":null,"author":"P Ekkekakis","volume":"41","first-page":"641","unstructured":"Ekkekakis, P., Parfitt, G. & Petruzzello, S. J. The pleasure and displeasure people feel when they exercise at different intensities: decennial update and progress towards a tripartite rationale for exercise intensity prescription. Sports Med. 41, 641–671 (2011).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Sports Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1080/17509840802705920","key":"2427_CR75","year":"2009","issue":null,"author":"P Ekkekakis","volume":"2","first-page":"73","unstructured":"Ekkekakis, P. The dual-mode theory of affective responses to exercise in metatheoretical context: I. Initial impetus, basic postulates, and philosophical framework. Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2, 73–94 (2009).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Int. Rev. Sport Exerc. Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1177/1754073914523052","key":"2427_CR76","year":"2014","issue":null,"author":"DM Williams","volume":"6","first-page":"277","unstructured":"Williams, D. M. & Evans, D. R. Current emotion research in health behavior science. Emot. Rev. 6, 277–287 (2014).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Emot. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR77","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Kahnemann, D. Thinking, Fast and Slow (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1348/135910709X466063","key":"2427_CR78","year":"2010","issue":null,"author":"KE Heron","volume":"15","first-page":"1","unstructured":"Heron, K. E. & Smyth, J. M. Ecological momentary interventions: incorporating mobile technology into psychosocial and health behaviour treatments. Br. J. Health Psychol. 15, 1–39 (2010).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/oso/9780195126013.003.0031","key":"2427_CR79","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Loewenstein, G. & Lerner, J. S. in Handbook of Affective Sciences (eds Davidson, R. J., Scherer, K. R. & Goldsmith, H. H.) 619–642 (Oxford Academic, 2002).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.025","key":"2427_CR80","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"M Mendl","volume":"112","first-page":"144","unstructured":"Mendl, M. & Paul, E. S. Animal affect and decision-making. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 112, 144–163 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s44184-024-00113-7","key":"2427_CR81","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"M Giurgiu","volume":"3","first-page":"64","unstructured":"Giurgiu, M., Timm, I., Ebner-Priemer, U. W., Schmiedek, F. & Neubauer, A. B. Causal effects of sedentary breaks on affective and cognitive parameters in daily life: a within-person encouragement design. npj Ment. Health Res. 3, 64 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"npj Ment. Health Res.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1080/00273171.2019.1627660","key":"2427_CR82","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"F Schmiedek","volume":"55","first-page":"256","unstructured":"Schmiedek, F. & Neubauer, A. B. Experiments in the wild: introducing the within-person encouragement design. Multivariate Behav. Res. 55, 256–276 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Multivariate Behav. Res.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR83","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"GR Ruissen","volume":"14","first-page":"7","unstructured":"Ruissen, G. R. Establishing causal inferences from experimental and observational data: a critical review and primer for sport and exercise psychology. Sport Exerc. Perform. Psychol. 14, 7–23 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Sport Exerc. Perform. Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1186/s12966-025-01723-w","key":"2427_CR84","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"L Poppe","volume":"22","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Poppe, L. et al. Experience sampling method studies in physical activity research: the relevance of causal reasoning. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 22, 28 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1586/erp.11.44","key":"2427_CR85","year":"2011","issue":null,"author":"J Weis","volume":"11","first-page":"441","unstructured":"Weis, J. Cancer-related fatigue: prevalence, assessment and treatment strategies. Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 11, 441–446 (2011).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Expert Rev. Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.2165/00007256-200636090-00004","key":"2427_CR86","year":"2006","issue":null,"author":"TW Puetz","volume":"36","first-page":"767","unstructured":"Puetz, T. W. Physical activity and feelings of energy and fatigue: epidemiological evidence. Sports Med. 36, 767–780 (2006).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Sports Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000002735","key":"2427_CR87","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"F Huizinga","volume":"53","first-page":"2661","unstructured":"Huizinga, F. et al. Home-based physical activity to alleviate fatigue in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 53, 2661–2674 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.3546","key":"2427_CR88","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"KR Merikangas","volume":"76","first-page":"190","unstructured":"Merikangas, K. R. et al. Real-time mobile monitoring of the dynamic associations among motor activity, energy, mood, and sleep in adults with bipolar disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 76, 190–198 (2019).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1177/1745691620974697","key":"2427_CR89","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"DJ Robinaugh","volume":"16","first-page":"725","unstructured":"Robinaugh, D. J., Haslbeck, J. M. B., Ryan, O., Fried, E. I. & Waldorp, L. J. Invisible hands and fine calipers: a call to use formal theory as a toolkit for theory construction. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 16, 725–743 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR90","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"D Jekauc","volume":"32","first-page":"34","unstructured":"Jekauc, D., Voelkle, M. C., Giurgiu, M. & Nigg, C. R. Unveiling the multidimensional nature of the intention–behavior gap: dynamics of intentions and behaviors. Eur. J. Health Psychol. 32, 34–50 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Eur. J. Health Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1037/rev0000294","key":"2427_CR91","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"D Bennett","volume":"129","first-page":"513","unstructured":"Bennett, D., Davidson, G. & Niv, Y. A model of mood as integrated advantage. Psychol. Rev. 129, 513–541 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.17605/OSF.IO/KG376","key":"2427_CR92","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Vermaelen, N. et al. The experience sampling method (ESM) item repository. OSF https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/KG376 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/abm/kaac024","key":"2427_CR93","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"GR Ruissen","volume":"56","first-page":"1284","unstructured":"Ruissen, G. R. et al. Continuous-time modeling of the bidirectional relationship between incidental affect and physical activity. Ann. Behav. Med. 56, 1284–1299 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1080/17437199.2021.1987953","key":"2427_CR94","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"GR Ruissen","volume":"16","first-page":"492","unstructured":"Ruissen, G. R., Zumbo, B. D., Rhodes, R. E., Puterman, E. & Beauchamp, M. R. Analysis of dynamic psychological processes to understand and promote physical activity behaviour using intensive longitudinal methods: a primer. Health Psychol. Rev. 16, 492–525 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1007/BF03404889","key":"2427_CR95","year":"2011","issue":null,"author":"A Barisic","volume":"102","first-page":"174","unstructured":"Barisic, A., Leatherdale, S. T. & Kreiger, N. Importance of frequency, intensity, time and type (FITT) in physical activity assessment for epidemiological research. Can. J. Public Health 102, 174 (2011).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1186/s12889-016-2841-3","key":"2427_CR96","year":"2016","issue":null,"author":"G O’Donoghue","volume":"16","first-page":null,"unstructured":"O’Donoghue, G. et al. A systematic review of correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults aged 18-65 years: a socio-ecological approach. BMC Public Health 16, 163 (2016).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181f36196","key":"2427_CR97","year":"2011","issue":null,"author":"MG Davis","volume":"43","first-page":"647","unstructured":"Davis, M. G. et al. Objectively measured physical activity in a diverse sample of older urban UK adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 43, 647–654 (2011).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1186/1471-2458-13-449","key":"2427_CR98","year":"2013","issue":null,"author":"F Sun","volume":"13","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Sun, F., Norman, I. J. & While, A. E. Physical activity in older people: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 13, 449 (2013).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41562-025-02284-5","key":"2427_CR99","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"W Hofmann","volume":"9","first-page":"1765","unstructured":"Hofmann, W. et al. Rethinking behaviour change interventions in policymaking. Nat. Hum. Behav. 9, 1765–1767 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/nature23018","key":"2427_CR100","year":"2017","issue":null,"author":"T Althoff","volume":"547","first-page":"336","unstructured":"Althoff, T. et al. Large-scale physical activity data reveal worldwide activity inequality. Nature 547, 336–339 (2017).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41586-025-09321-3","key":"2427_CR101","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"T Althoff","volume":"645","first-page":"407","unstructured":"Althoff, T. et al. Countrywide natural experiment links built environment to physical activity. Nature 645, 407–413 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41593-019-0451-y","key":"2427_CR102","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"H Tost","volume":"22","first-page":"1389","unstructured":"Tost, H. et al. Neural correlates of individual differences in affective benefit of real-life urban green space exposure. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 1389–1393 (2019).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1024/2674-0052/a000018","key":"2427_CR103","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"C Nigg","volume":"1","first-page":"116","unstructured":"Nigg, C. et al. Time to go green? Sports Psychiatry 1, 116–118 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Sports Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s44360-025-00011-y","key":"2427_CR104","year":"2026","issue":null,"author":"Y Lu","volume":"1","first-page":"67","unstructured":"Lu, Y. et al. Wearable data link urban green space to physical activity. Nat. Health 1, 67–77 (2026).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Nat. Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1007/s10865-019-00118-0","key":"2427_CR105","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"HK Boyle","volume":"43","first-page":"773","unstructured":"Boyle, H. K. et al. Affective response as a mediator of the association between the physical and social environment and physical activity behavior. J. Behav. Med. 43, 773–782 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Behav. Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1123/jpah.8.s1.s103","key":"2427_CR106","year":"2011","issue":null,"author":"GF Dunton","volume":"8","first-page":"103","unstructured":"Dunton, G. F., Liao, Y., Intille, S., Wolch, J. & Pentz, M. A. Physical and social contextual influences on children’s leisure-time physical activity: an ecological momentary assessment study. J. Phys. Act. Health 8, 103–108 (2011).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1186/s12889-020-08864-6","key":"2427_CR107","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"M Kanning","volume":"20","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Kanning, M. et al. Doing exercise or sport together with one’s child is positively associated with mothers’ momentary affect in daily life, but not with higher levels of overall physical activity. BMC Public Health 20, 715 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"BMC Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/ijo.2013.245","key":"2427_CR108","year":"2014","issue":null,"author":"T Jackson","volume":"38","first-page":"1180","unstructured":"Jackson, T., Gao, X. & Chen, H. Differences in neural activation to depictions of physical exercise and sedentary activity: an fMRI study of overweight and lean Chinese women. Int. J. Obes. 38, 1180–1185 (2014).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Int. J. Obes.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.031","key":"2427_CR109","year":"2018","issue":null,"author":"HM Elsangedy","volume":"189","first-page":"32","unstructured":"Elsangedy, H. M. et al. Poorer positive affect in response to self-paced exercise among the obese. Physiol. Behav. 189, 32–39 (2018).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Physiol. Behav.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/oby.2009.204","key":"2427_CR110","year":"2010","issue":null,"author":"P Ekkekakis","volume":"18","first-page":"79","unstructured":"Ekkekakis, P., Lind, E. & Vazou, S. Affective responses to increasing levels of exercise intensity in normal-weight, overweight, and obese middle-aged women. Obesity 18, 79–85 (2010).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Obesity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/sj.ijo.0803052","key":"2427_CR111","year":"2006","issue":null,"author":"P Ekkekakis","volume":"30","first-page":"652","unstructured":"Ekkekakis, P. & Lind, E. Exercise does not feel the same when you are overweight: the impact of self-selected and imposed intensity on affect and exertion. Int. J. Obes. 30, 652–660 (2006).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Int. J. Obes.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1007/s12160-014-9642-7","key":"2427_CR112","year":"2015","issue":null,"author":"DM Williams","volume":"49","first-page":"280","unstructured":"Williams, D. M. et al. Recommending self-paced exercise among overweight and obese adults: a randomized pilot study. Ann. Behav. Med. 49, 280–285 (2015).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/S0008-6363(01)00508-9","key":"2427_CR113","year":"2002","issue":null,"author":"AM Dart","volume":"53","first-page":"678","unstructured":"Dart, A. M., Du Jun, X. & Kingwell, B. A. Gender, sex hormones and autonomic nervous control of the cardiovascular system. Cardiovasc. Res. 53, 678–687 (2002).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.007","key":"2427_CR114","year":"2016","issue":null,"author":"J Koenig","volume":"64","first-page":"288","unstructured":"Koenig, J. & Thayer, J. F. Sex differences in healthy human heart rate variability: a meta-analysis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 64, 288–310 (2016).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.029","key":"2427_CR115","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"E Tobaldini","volume":"116","first-page":"154","unstructured":"Tobaldini, E. et al. Depression and cardiovascular autonomic control: a matter of vagus and sex paradox. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 116, 154–161 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.amepre.2016.12.008","key":"2427_CR116","year":"2017","issue":null,"author":"RL White","volume":"52","first-page":"653","unstructured":"White, R. L. et al. Domain-specific physical activity and mental health: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Prev. Med. 52, 653–666 (2017).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1177/2167696818809760","key":"2427_CR117","year":"2018","issue":null,"author":"D Cho","volume":"8","first-page":"428","unstructured":"Cho, D., Armeli, S., Weinstock, J. & Tennen, H. Daily- and person-level associations between physical activity and alcohol use among college students. Emerg. Adulthood 8, 428–434 (2018).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Emerg. Adulthood","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/eurheartj/ehab087","key":"2427_CR118","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"A Holtermann","volume":"42","first-page":"1499","unstructured":"Holtermann, A., Schnohr, P., Nordestgaard, B. G. & Marott, J. L. The physical activity paradox in cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: the contemporary Copenhagen General Population Study with 104 046 adults. Eur. Heart J. 42, 1499–1511 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Eur. Heart J.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1249/JES.0000000000000305","key":"2427_CR119","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"EJCD Geus","volume":"51","first-page":"2","unstructured":"Geus, E. J. C. D. Genetic pathways underlying individual differences in regular physical activity. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 51, 2–18 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000001499","key":"2427_CR120","year":"2018","issue":null,"author":"JT Lightfoot","volume":"50","first-page":"863","unstructured":"Lightfoot, J. T. et al. Biological/genetic regulation of physical activity level: consensus from GenBioPAC. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 50, 863–873 (2018).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR121","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, April, 2024 and November, 2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR122","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"RStudio: integrated development environment for R. Posit Software https://posit.co/ (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.21105/joss.01686","key":"2427_CR123","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"H Wickham","volume":"4","first-page":"1686","unstructured":"Wickham, H. et al. Welcome to the Tidyverse. J. Open Source Softw. 4, 1686 (2019).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR124","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Viechtbauer, W. & Constantin, M. esmpack: R package to facilitate the preparation and management of ESM/EMA data. GitHub https://github.com/wviechtb/esmpack (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.18637/jss.v067.i01","key":"2427_CR125","year":"2015","issue":null,"author":"D Bates","volume":"67","first-page":"1","unstructured":"Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B. M. & Walker, S. C. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.18637/jss.v082.i13","key":"2427_CR126","year":"2017","issue":null,"author":"A Kuznetsova","volume":"82","first-page":"1","unstructured":"Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B. & Christensen, R. H. B. lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models. J. Stat. Softw. 82, 1–26 (2017).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.21105/joss.02815","key":"2427_CR127","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"MS Ben-Shachar","volume":"5","first-page":"2815","unstructured":"Ben-Shachar, M. S., Lüdecke, D. & Makowski, D. effectsize: estimation of effect size indices and standardized parameters. J. Open Source Softw. 5, 2815 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.18637/jss.v048.i02","key":"2427_CR128","year":"2012","issue":null,"author":"Y Rosseel","volume":"48","first-page":"1","unstructured":"Rosseel, Y. lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling. J. Stat. Softw. 48, 1–36 (2012).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.18637/jss.v036.i03","key":"2427_CR129","year":"2010","issue":null,"author":"W Viechtbauer","volume":"36","first-page":"1","unstructured":"Viechtbauer, W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J. Stat. Softw. 36, 1–48. (2010).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR130","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Christensen, R. H. B. Regression models for ordinal data (R package ordinal version 2023.12-4.1). Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ordinal (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR131","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Loy, A., Steele, S. & Korobova, J. lmeresampler: bootstrap methods for nested linear mixed-effects models_. R package version 0.2.4. Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/lmeresampler/index.html (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.21105/joss.00772","key":"2427_CR132","year":"2018","issue":null,"author":"D Lüdecke","volume":"3","first-page":"772","unstructured":"Lüdecke, D. ggeffects: tidy data frames of marginal effects from regression models. J. Open Source Softw. 3, 772 (2018).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.32614/CRAN.package.sjPlot","key":"2427_CR133","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Lüdecke, D. sjPlot: data visualization for statistics in social science. Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.sjPlot (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.21105/joss.03139","key":"2427_CR134","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"D Lüdecke","volume":"6","first-page":"3139","unstructured":"Lüdecke, D., Ben-Shachar, M., Patil, I., Waggoner, P. & Makowski, D. performance: an R package for assessment, comparison and testing of statistical models. J. Open Source Softw. 6, 3139 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.32614/CRAN.package.ggpubr","key":"2427_CR135","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Kassambara, A. ggpubr: ‘ggplot2’ based publication ready plots. Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.ggpubr (2016).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.32614/CRAN.package.janitor","key":"2427_CR136","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Firke, S. janitor: simple tools for examining and cleaning dirty data. Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.janitor (2016).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.32614/CRAN.package.rio","key":"2427_CR137","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Becker, J., Chan, C., Schoch, D. & Leeper, T. J. rio: a swiss-army knife for data I/O. Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.rio (2013).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.32614/CRAN.package.gridExtra","key":"2427_CR138","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Auguie, B. gridExtra: miscellaneous functions for ‘grid’ graphics. Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.gridExtra (2010).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1037/met0000405","key":"2427_CR139","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"M Maier","volume":"28","first-page":"107","unstructured":"Maier, M., Bartoš, F. & Wagenmakers, E. J. Robust Bayesian meta-analysis: addressing publication bias with model-averaging. Psychol. Methods 28, 107–122 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Methods","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1111/2041-210X.14152","key":"2427_CR140","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"S Nakagawa","volume":"14","first-page":"2003","unstructured":"Nakagawa, S. et al. orchaRd 2.0: an R package for visualising meta-analyses with orchard plots. Methods Ecol. Evol. 14, 2003–2010 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101703","key":"2427_CR141","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"A Burchartz","volume":"49","first-page":"101703","unstructured":"Burchartz, A. et al. Assessing physical behavior through accelerometry—state of the science, best practices and future directions. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 49, 101703 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1027/1016-9040.14.2.109","key":"2427_CR142","year":"2009","issue":null,"author":"UW Ebner-Priemer","volume":"14","first-page":"109","unstructured":"Ebner-Priemer, U. W. & Trull, T. J. Ambulatory assessment: an innovative and promising approach for clinical psychology. Eur. Psychol. 14, 109–119 (2009).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Eur. Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1007/BF02250565","key":"2427_CR143","year":"1995","issue":null,"author":"B Egloff","volume":"19","first-page":"99","unstructured":"Egloff, B., Tausch, A., Kohlmann, C. W. & Krohne, H. W. Relationships between time of day, day of the week, and positive mood: exploring the role of the mood measure. Motiv. Emot. 19, 99–110 (1995).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Motiv. Emot.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102056","key":"2427_CR144","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"KE Smith","volume":"57","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Smith, K. E. et al. Momentary affective response to bouts of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity predicts changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior during behavioral weight loss. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 57, 102056 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Sport Exerc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR145","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"KE Hancock","volume":"29","first-page":"670","unstructured":"Hancock, K. E., Downward, P. & Sherar, L. B. Exploring feelings of pleasure and purpose associated with older people’s activities using ecological momentary analysis: an observational study. J. Aging Phys. Act. 29, 670–677 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Aging Phys. Act.","doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145","key":"2427_CR146","year":"2003","issue":null,"author":"JA Russel","volume":"110","first-page":"145","unstructured":"Russel, J. A. Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychol. Rev. 110, 145–172 (2003).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1207/s15327957pspr1001_2","key":"2427_CR147","year":"2006","issue":null,"author":"LF Barrett","volume":"10","first-page":"20","unstructured":"Barrett, L. F. Solving the emotion paradox: categorization and the experience of emotion. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev. 10, 20–46 (2006).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pers. Soc. Psychol. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1177/0539018405058216","key":"2427_CR148","year":"2005","issue":null,"author":"KR Scherer","volume":"44","first-page":"695","unstructured":"Scherer, K. R. What are emotions? And how can they be measured? Soc. Sci. Inf. 44, 695–729 (2005).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Inf.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1177/1754073913489749","key":"2427_CR149","year":"2013","issue":null,"author":"WA Cunningham","volume":"5","first-page":"344","unstructured":"Cunningham, W. A., Dunfield, K. A. & Stillman, P. E. Emotional states from affective dynamics. Emot. Rev. 5, 344–355 (2013).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Emot. Rev.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/scan/nsx060","key":"2427_CR150","year":"2017","issue":null,"author":"LF Barrett","volume":"12","first-page":"1833","unstructured":"Barrett, L. F. The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 12, 1833 (2017).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.06.004","key":"2427_CR151","year":"2017","issue":null,"author":"P Kuppens","volume":"17","first-page":"22","unstructured":"Kuppens, P. & Verduyn, P. Emotion dynamics. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 17, 22–26 (2017).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.4324/9781315559940","key":"2427_CR152","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Scarantino, A. Emotion Theory: The Routledge Comprehensive Guide (Routledge, 2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1037/h0077714","key":"2427_CR153","year":"1980","issue":null,"author":"JA Russell","volume":"39","first-page":"1161","unstructured":"Russell, J. A. A circumplex model of affect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 39, 1161–1178 (1980).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/oso/9780195068276.001.0001","key":"2427_CR154","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Thayer, R. E. The Biopsychology of Mood and Arousal (Oxford Univ. Press, 1991).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1017/S0954579405050340","key":"2427_CR155","year":"2005","issue":null,"author":"J Posner","volume":"17","first-page":"715","unstructured":"Posner, J., Russell, J. A. & Peterson, B. S. The circumplex model of affect: an integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology. Dev. Psychopathol. 17, 715–734 (2005).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR156","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Steyer, R., Schenkmezger, P., Notz, P. & Eid, M. The Multidimensional Mood State Questionnaire (MDBF) (Hogrefe, 1997).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":null,"key":"2427_CR157","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Kamarck, T. W. et al. in Technology and Methods in Behavioral Medicine (eds Krantz, D. S. & Baum, A. S.) 163–193 (Psychology Press, 1998).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1037/met0000300","key":"2427_CR158","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"MA Rodgers","volume":"26","first-page":"141","unstructured":"Rodgers, M. A. & Pustejovsky, J. E. Evaluating meta-analytic methods to detect selective reporting in the presence of dependent effect sizes. Psychol. Methods 26, 141–160 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Psychol. Methods","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_189","key":"2427_CR159","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Cook, R. D. in International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science (ed. Lovric, M.) 301–302 (Springer, 2011).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.envint.2024.108602","key":"2427_CR160","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"JPT Higgins","volume":"186","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Higgins, J. P. T. et al. A tool to assess risk of bias in non-randomized follow-up studies of exposure effects (ROBINS-E). Environ. Int. 186, 108602 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Environ. Int.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1080/03610926.2013.802807","key":"2427_CR161","year":"2015","issue":null,"author":"L Modugno","volume":"44","first-page":"4812","unstructured":"Modugno, L. & Giannerini, S. The wild bootstrap for multilevel models. Commun. Stat. Theory Methods 44, 4812–4825 (2015).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Commun. Stat. Theory Methods","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.4135/9781446247600.n22","key":"2427_CR162","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Hox, J. & van de Schoot, R. in The SAGE Handbook of Multilevel Modeling (eds Scott, M. A., Simonoff, J. S. & Marx, D. B.) 387–402 (Sage, 2013).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jesp.2018.08.009","key":"2427_CR163","year":"2018","issue":null,"author":"TM Liddell","volume":"79","first-page":"328","unstructured":"Liddell, T. M. & Kruschke, J. K. Analyzing ordinal data with metric models: what could possibly go wrong?. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 79, 328–348 (2018).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Exp. Soc. Psychol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.061","key":"2427_CR164","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"JE Curtiss","volume":"315","first-page":"139","unstructured":"Curtiss, J. E., Pinaire, M., Fulford, D., McNally, R. J. & Hofmann, S. G. Temporal and contemporaneous network structures of affect and physical activity in emotional disorders. J. Affect. Disord. 315, 139–147 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.2196/32598","key":"2427_CR165","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"M Haucke","volume":"24","first-page":"e32598","unstructured":"Haucke, M., Heinz, A., Liu, S. & Heinzel, S. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on daily activities, cognitions, and stress in a lonely and distressed population: temporal dynamic network analysis. J. Med. Internet Res. 24, e32598 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-023-35987-8","key":"2427_CR166","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"J Hachenberger","volume":"13","first-page":"8808","unstructured":"Hachenberger, J. et al. Investigating associations between physical activity, stress experience, and affective wellbeing during an examination period using experience sampling and accelerometry. Sci. Rep. 13, 8808 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Sci. Rep.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"}],"short-title":[],"update-policy":"https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy","alternative-id":["2427"],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"original-title":[],"container-title":["Nature Human Behaviour"],"reference-count":166,"published-online":{"date-time":null,"timestamp":null,"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":166,"short-container-title":["Nat Hum Behav"],"is-referenced-by-count":0},"unpaywall":{"doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","is_oa":true,"title":"An individual participant data meta-analysis of how physical activity relates to affective well-being in daily life","updated":"2026-05-08T16:02:47+00:00","published_date":"2026-05-06","best_oa_location":{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-026-02427-2.pdf","pmh_id":null,"url_for_pdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-026-02427-2.pdf","url_for_landing_page":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2"}}},"created_at":"2026-05-13T13:19:28.609Z","updated_at":"2026-05-14T15:13:26.918Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","tag_type":"category","value":"Neurosciences","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Affective Well-Being","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Physical Inactivity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"1","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","tag_type":"modality","value":"Physical Activity / Exercise","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=8223","value_numeric":8223},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design classified as IPD Meta-Analysis; some may consider this a systematic review variant depending on classification framework used.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","tag_type":"warning","value":"The full text page contents were not rendered in the provided source, so findings are drawn exclusively from the abstract. Moderator analyses, subgroup breakdowns, and secondary outcomes could not be independently verified from the full text.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41562-026-02427-2","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study covers data up to December 2023; the publication date of May 2026 suggests a substantial lag that may affect currency of included datasets.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis examined how accelerometer-measured physical activity (PA) relates to smartphone-based affective well-being (AWB) in daily life, pooling 67 datasets (N = 8,223 participants, ~321,345 AWB ratings, ~1,000,000 h of PA data) collected up to December 2023.","key_result":"PA showed small but consistent positive associations with momentary AWB both before (within-person r = 0.05, between-person r = 0.08) and after (within-person r = 0.04, between-person r = 0.08) PA episodes. Within persons, PA positively linked to energetic arousal, positive affect, and valence, but negatively to calmness; energetic arousal showed the strongest effect. Effect sizes were comparable to other daily-life activities, and substantial inter-individual heterogeneity was partly explained by sociodemographic moderators.","limitations":"Only 55.2% of eligible records were included, raising concerns about selection bias. Full text of individual pages was not extractable, limiting verification of subgroup and moderator analyses. Effect sizes are small and heterogeneity is high, limiting generalizability to specific individuals.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians can reassure patients that even everyday PA—not just structured exercise—is linked to modest but real improvements in mood and energy in the moment. The negative link to calmness suggests PA may transiently increase arousal, which is worth discussing with patients who exercise for relaxation."}}],"initialOffset":1,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"condition","value":"Affective Well-Being"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Conditions","href":"/hub/tag/condition"},{"name":"Affective Well-Being"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"condition","hub_tag_value":"Affective Well-Being"}}}]]

Papers