2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T470,This study aimed to determine the influence of nosocomial bacterial and viral infections of preterm very low birth weight (VLBW) infants on neurodevelopmental outcome and on rehospitalization rates during the first two years of life. Retrospective single-center cohort study including preterm infant born between 2010 and 2018 and followed until two years of age corrected for prematurity (Bayley scales). Of 620 study infants 418 without neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). were compared to 202 infants with NDI. Single or multiple nosocomial infections were not risk factors for NDI in a multivariate logistic regression model checked for multicollinearity. Infants with NDI were of younger gestational age, had lower birth weights and higher rates of neonatal complications (ileus, periventricular leukomalacia, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia). Nosocomial infection were also not risk factors for rehospitalizations by infectious diseases. Nosocomial infections did not significantly influence NDI and rehospitalization rates in preterm VLBW infants. The study was registered at "Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien" DRKS00019000.31:T79c,Abstract Objective This study aimed to determine the influence of nosocomial bacterial and viral infections of preterm very low birth weight (VLBW) infants on neurodevelopmental outcome and on rehospitalization rates during the first two years of life. Study design Retrospective single-center cohort study including preterm infant born between 2010 and 2018 and followed until two years of age corrected for prematurity (Bayley scales). Results Of 620 study infants 418 without neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). were compared to 202 infants with NDI. Single or multiple nosocomial infections were not risk factors for NDI in a multivariate logistic regression model checked for multicollinearity. Infants with NDI were of younger gestational age, had lower birth weights and higher rates of neonatal complications (ileus, periventricular leukomalacia, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia). Nosocomial infection were also not risk factors for rehospitalizations by infectious diseases. Conclusions Nosocomial infections did not significantly influence NDI and rehospitalization rates in preterm VLBW infants. Trial registration number The study was registered at “Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien” DRKS00019000. 32:T423,Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains a prevalent and complex complication of preterm birth, yet current definitions fail to capture the heterogeneous and evolving nature of the disease. Longitudinal studies reveal persistent pulmonary disease throughout the lifespan. Despite progress in identifying phenotypes, biomarkers to characterize disease endotypes to guide effective and precise therapies remain elusive. Precision medicine approaches, including multicenter deep phenotyping and integration of multi-omic data, are essential to identify meaningful disease subtypes that inform individualized care. This perspective traces the evolution of BPD definitions, outlines their limitations, and presents a path forward focused on collaborative data networks, enriched trial designs, and longitudinal outcome measures. Recognizing BPD and subsequent cardiopulmonary disease related to prematurity as a lifelong disease, not just a NICU outcome, is critical to improving long-term care and developing targeted interventions for this vulnerable population.33:Tc1a,ABSTRACT Objective To examine whether exposure to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) during the first year after neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) discharge is associated with asthma by age 5 among infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 337 infants with BPD, born between 2010 and 2019, who survived to discharge with clinical follow‐up in the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Care Network through age 5. Daily residential census block group PM 2.5 exposures were estimated using a spatiotemporal machine‐learning model and averaged over the first year after NICU discharge. Modified Poisson regression models with robust standard errors quantified associations of PM2.5 with asthma by age 5, adjusting for neonatal clinical factors, insurance, neighborhood deprivation, and race/ethnicity. Results By age 5 years, 169 (50.1%) infants had an asthma diagnosis. Mean annual PM 2.5 exposure was 8.8 µg/m 3 (SD 1.1). Each 1 µg/m 3 increment of PM 2.5 was associated with higher asthma risk (unadjusted RR 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03–1.25; fully adjusted aRR 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03–1.37). Compared to the lowest exposure tertile (mean 7.6 µg/m 3 ), adjusted rates of asthma tended to be higher as exposure increased: Tertile 2 (mean 8.7 µg/m 3 , aRR 1.31; 95% CI: 0.98–1.74), Tertile 3 (mean 10.0 µg/m 3 , aRR 1.68, 95% CI: 1.17–2.4). Conclusions Exposure to higher ambient PM 2.5 in the year after NICU discharge was associated with asthma by age 5 among children with BPD. These findings highlight early‐life air quality as a modifiable determinant of long‐term respiratory outcomes in infants with BPD. 34:T70d,Abstract Objective We describe a novel strategy of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) to support patients with Grade 3 bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Study design This is a retrospective study of Grade 3 BPD patients treated with NIPPV and discharged from a single center from January 2020 to May 2024. Patients were grouped into discharged without tracheostomy vs with tracheostomy. Groups were assessed for clinical differences, and the NIPPV strategy is described. Results There were 28 non-tracheostomy and 17 tracheostomy patients. There were no differences in gestational age, birthweight, or respiratory severity score at key dates. Tracheostomy patients were more likely to have subglottic stenosis (53% vs 3.6%, p = 0.0001) and were older at discharge home [median 447 (411–479) vs 252 (184–309) days, p < 0.0001]. Conclusion A subset of Grade 3 BPD patients can be supported with NIPPV. The non-tracheostomy group had decreased length of stay compared to the tracheostomy group. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: condition Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (condition). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. Updated daily.\",\"url\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition/Bronchopulmonary%20Dysplasia\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research Hub\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Conditions\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition/Bronchopulmonary%20Dysplasia\"}]}}"}}]],["$","$L2f",null,{"title":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Research & Clinical Takeaways","description":"Discover peer-reviewed research on Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia with concise clinician summaries and next-step guidance.","papers":[{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","pmid":"42697944","title":"Creation & implementation of discharge guidelines for preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia","journal_title":"Journal of Perinatology","journal_issn":"0743-8346","published_at":"2026-09-04T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","source_score":1,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-09-11T06:20:07.451Z","updated_at":"2026-09-11T06:20:07.451Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"4","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","tag_type":"modality","value":"Discharge Planning Protocol","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","tag_type":"modality","value":"Supplemental Oxygen","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Quality Improvement Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","tag_type":"warning","value":"Clinical outcomes (e.g., readmissions, ED visits, respiratory events) are not reported — only process measures are described.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","tag_type":"warning","value":"No sample size (total N) is reported in the abstract or results; the sample_size tag could not be populated.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sex distribution of the study population is not explicitly stated; 'mixed' is assumed for NICU infants.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02725-7","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design is described as a quality improvement initiative; it is not a controlled trial, which limits causal inference.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"key_result":"Implementation of the SAFER framework significantly improved the mean discharge score from 3.0 to 3.9, and reduced time to outpatient pulmonology follow-up from 42.7 days to 25.1 days post-discharge.","what_studied":"This quality improvement study evaluated the impact of BPD Discharge Guidelines and a five-criteria 'SAFER' Discharge Score on standardizing discharge planning for preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) requiring respiratory support in the NICU, from January 2021 to December 2022.","limitations":"Single-center quality improvement project limits generalizability; the abstract does not report patient-level clinical outcomes (e.g., readmission rates, respiratory events); no control group or randomization was used.","practice_takeaway":"A structured five-point discharge checklist (pulmonology consult, action plan, scheduled follow-up, caregiver oxygen education, repeat chest X-ray) can meaningfully shorten the gap to specialist follow-up for BPD infants — cutting wait time nearly in half. NICUs caring for BPD patients on respiratory support should consider adopting a similar standardized discharge framework to reduce care variability during the NICU-to-home transition."}},{"doi":"10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","pmid":"42469416","title":"Prediction of bronchopulmonary dysplasia seven days after birth using respiratory and oxygenation timeseries with machine learning","journal_title":"Pediatric Research","journal_issn":"0031-3998","published_at":"2026-07-17T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","source_score":7,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-22T13:37:27.448Z","updated_at":"2026-07-22T13:37:27.448Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","tag_type":"category","value":"Pediatrics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","tag_type":"condition","value":"Prematurity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","tag_type":"modality","value":"Machine Learning / Deep Learning","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=513","value_numeric":513},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","tag_type":"warning","value":"No external validation cohort was used; internal validation relied on 10-times repeated 5-fold cross-validation only.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","tag_type":"warning","value":"Single-center data from 2009–2015 may not reflect current NICU practices or patient populations.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-026-05301-z","tag_type":"warning","value":"The full performance metric tables (Appendix C) were not fully extractable from the source text, so only AUC values from the abstract/results are reported.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A retrospective study (2009–2015, single NICU) of 513 preterm infants evaluated whether machine learning models incorporating respiratory and oxygenation timeseries (mode of respiratory support, FiO2, SpO2) in the first 7 days of life could better predict bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at 36 weeks postmenstrual age than models using clinical data alone.","key_result":"The best model (combined neural network + LSTM using clinical data and advanced timeseries features) achieved AUC 0.83 (95% CI 0.81–0.84), significantly outperforming clinical-data-only logistic regression (AUC 0.80, p = 0.005) and clinical data with descriptive timeseries features (AUC 0.81, p = 0.01); 102/513 infants (19.8%) developed BPD.","limitations":"- Single-center retrospective cohort limits generalizability.\n- Small sample size (n=513) precluded formal sample size calculations and model fairness evaluation.\n- No external validation was performed.","practice_takeaway":"Adding advanced ML analysis of SpO2 and FiO2 timeseries from the first week of life modestly but significantly improves BPD prediction over clinical data alone. Clinicians should anticipate future NICU decision-support tools that integrate continuous respiratory monitoring data for earlier BPD risk stratification."}},{"doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","pmid":"42464428","title":"Bronchodilator Responsiveness in Preterm‐Born Children With Chronic Lung Disease: Importance of Individualized Testing","journal_title":"Pediatric Pulmonology","journal_issn":"8755-6863","published_at":"2026-07-16T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.71742","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-20T13:35:47.496Z","updated_at":"2026-07-20T13:35:47.496Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adolescent","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"age_group","value":"child","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"category","value":"Respiratory System","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"condition","value":"Chronic Lung Disease of Immaturity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"condition","value":"Obstructive Lung Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"generic","value":"fenoterol/ipratropium","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"generic","value":"ipratropium bromide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"generic","value":"salbutamol","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"modality","value":"Fixed-Dose Combination Bronchodilator","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"modality","value":"Short-Acting Beta-2 Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"modality","value":"Short-Acting Muscarinic Antagonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=55","value_numeric":55},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Prospective Cross-Sectional Randomized Crossover Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study population is school-aged children (mean 12.6 years); results may not generalize to younger children or infants with CLDI/BPD.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"warning","value":"The crossover design used three separate visits, but the paper does not report whether carryover effects were formally tested — this could affect response rate comparisons.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"warning","value":"The impact_flag 'practice_changing' is applied cautiously given the single-center design and modest sample size; findings warrant confirmation in larger multicenter studies.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71742","tag_type":"warning","value":"The pPRISm subgroup was small (n=12), so phenotype-specific findings (e.g., ipratropium superiority in POLD) should be interpreted with caution.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This prospective cross-sectional crossover study compared bronchodilator responses to inhaled salbutamol, ipratropium bromide, and their fixed-dose combination (fenoterol/ipratropium) in 55 preterm-born children (<35 weeks) with chronic lung disease of immaturity (CLDI) and obstructive spirometry (FEV1 z-score <−1.64), mean age 12.6 years, recruited 2021–2025.","key_result":"87% of children (48/55) responded to at least one agent. Response rates were comparable: 56.4% for salbutamol, 58.2% for ipratropium, and 65.5% for the combination (p=0.45). Critically, ~24% of children would have been missed with single-drug testing alone — 9.1% responded exclusively to salbutamol, 5.5% exclusively to ipratropium, and 9.1% exclusively to the combination.","limitations":"- Single-center design with modest sample size (n=55) limits generalizability.\n- Cross-sectional design prevents conclusions about long-term therapeutic benefit.\n- Absence of impulse oscillometry (IOS) limited assessment of small airway effects.","practice_takeaway":"Testing with only one bronchodilator class will miss a meaningful subset of responders — consider individualized multi-agent bronchodilator testing in preterm-born children with CLDI and obstructive spirometry. Ipratropium bromide showed response rates equivalent to salbutamol and may be an underutilized option in this population."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","pmid":"42470777","title":"“Fidgety-like movements” in infants born extremely preterm and their relation to later neurodevelopmental outcome","journal_title":"Early Human Development","journal_issn":"0378-3782","published_at":"2026-07-15T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","source_score":11,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-27T14:09:17.891Z","updated_at":"2026-07-27T14:09:17.891Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"age_group","value":"infant","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"condition","value":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"condition","value":"Cerebral Palsy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"condition","value":"Extreme Prematurity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"condition","value":"Neurodevelopmental Delay","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"modality","value":"Neurodevelopmental Assessment","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=402","value_numeric":402},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"warning","value":"'Fidgety-like movements' is a specific variant distinct from both normal fidgety movements and their absence — clinicians should note this is not the standard GMA category. The paper does not define a clear consensus diagnostic criterion for this variant.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size of infants with 'fidgety-like movements' is small (n=26), limiting generalizability of outcome rates.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2026.106622","tag_type":"warning","value":"The wide follow-up age range (1–8 years) across cohorts may affect the comparability of neurodevelopmental outcome classifications, particularly for conditions like ADHD that are diagnosed later in childhood.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This retrospective re-analysis examined the prevalence of 'fidgety-like movements' at 3–5 months corrected age (CA) and their association with neurodevelopmental outcomes in 402 infants born extremely preterm (<28 weeks gestation) from cohorts in the Netherlands, Sweden, and Australia, with follow-up between 1–8 years.","key_result":"26 of 402 EPT infants (7%) showed 'fidgety-like movements'; 52% had adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (motor delay 24%, language delay 20%, ADHD 16%), but only 1 (4%) developed cerebral palsy. 54% had MOS-R scores below 23, the high-risk cutoff for neurodevelopmental disorder.","limitations":"Retrospective re-analysis of existing datasets limits causal inference. Follow-up age varied widely (1–8 years), making outcome comparisons across children inconsistent. Small sample of children with 'fidgety-like movements' (n=26) reduces statistical power.","practice_takeaway":"Infants born extremely preterm who show 'fidgety-like movements' at 3–5 months CA are at meaningful risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes beyond cerebral palsy — especially motor delay, language delay, and ADHD — and warrant structured long-term follow-up. A reduced MOS-R score (<23) in this group can help flag those at highest risk."}},{"doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","pmid":"42400502","title":"Home Non‐Invasive Ventilation as an Alternative to Tracheostomy in Infants With Moderate‐to‐Severe Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: A Retrospective Cohort Study","journal_title":"Pediatric Pulmonology","journal_issn":"8755-6863","published_at":"2026-07-04T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.71726","source_score":11,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-17T13:24:05.098Z","updated_at":"2026-07-17T13:24:05.098Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"age_group","value":"infant","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"category","value":"Respiratory System","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"condition","value":"Chronic Respiratory Failure","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pulmonary Hypertension","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"modality","value":"Non-Invasive Positive Airway Pressure","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"modality","value":"Supplemental Oxygen","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"modality","value":"Tracheostomy Ventilation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=102","value_numeric":102},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"warning","value":"Confounding by indication is substantial: TV infants had markedly higher rates of pulmonary hypertension (89% vs. 40%) and longer invasive ventilation, so outcome differences likely reflect disease severity rather than ventilation modality.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"warning","value":"Neurodevelopmental comparisons beyond 18 months were not possible for the TV group due to insufficient completed assessments, which may introduce attrition bias.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sex distribution across groups is not reported in the abstract or results text provided, so the 'mixed' sex tag is inferred from the mixed-sex population typical of NICU cohorts.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71726","tag_type":"warning","value":"The tracheostomy group is very small (n=9), so all comparisons with this group should be interpreted cautiously — confidence intervals are wide and propensity-score adjustment was not feasible.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Retrospective cohort study of 102 preterm infants (<32 weeks' gestation) discharged from Level III–IV NICUs in British Columbia (2013–2022) on supplemental oxygen, home NI-PAP (CPAP or BPAP), or tracheostomy ventilation (TV) for BPD; compared healthcare utilization, growth, and neurodevelopmental outcomes across groups using adjusted linear mixed-effects models.","key_result":"NI-PAP use rose from 26% to 46% of discharges across the two 5-year periods, while tracheostomy use fell from 14% to 6%. NI-PAP infants were discharged earlier (median 213 days vs. 386 days for TV, p<0.001), discontinued respiratory support younger (median 1.4 vs. 4.2 years, p<0.001), and had fewer respiratory readmissions within 2 years (51% vs. 90%). TV infants had lower BSID-III motor and cognitive scores at 8 and 18 months, with median motor composites below normal (58 at 8 months; 52 at 18 months). Growth trajectories were similar, with a statistically significant weight-for-age z-score difference only at 4.5 years (adjusted mean difference: −1.33, 95% CI: −2.56 to −0.10).","limitations":"- Small tracheostomy group (n=9) limits statistical power and precludes propensity-score or causal-inference methods.\n- Retrospective design with confounding by indication — TV infants had more severe disease (89% vs. 40% pulmonary hypertension), making outcome differences difficult to attribute to ventilation modality.\n- Later tracheostomy timing (median 57 weeks PMA) vs. other centers may limit generalizability to programs that place tracheostomies earlier.","practice_takeaway":"For preterm infants with moderate-to-severe BPD who can tolerate ≥4 hours off positive pressure and maintain gas exchange via nasal interface, home NI-PAP is a feasible first-line alternative to tracheostomy — associated with shorter hospitalization and fewer readmissions. Pulmonary hypertension requiring treatment and ongoing invasive ventilation at 40 weeks PMA are key flags that predict eventual tracheostomy need and should prompt early, multidisciplinary decision-making."}},{"doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","pmid":"42397154","title":"Inhibition of thrombospondin-1 signaling prevents experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia","journal_title":"American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology","journal_issn":"1040-0605","published_at":"2026-07-03T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-09T13:25:15.175Z","updated_at":"2026-08-09T13:25:15.175Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","tag_type":"category","value":"Respiratory System","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pulmonary Hypertension","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","tag_type":"generic","value":"LSKL peptide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","tag_type":"generic","value":"soluble CD47 receptor ligand trap","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"5","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","tag_type":"modality","value":"Ligand Trap","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","tag_type":"modality","value":"Peptide Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Controlled Animal Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","tag_type":"warning","value":"LSKL and sCD47r were administered on different schedules and doses — direct efficacy comparisons should be interpreted with caution.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design is labeled 'Controlled Animal Study'; no standard RCT or human observational design applies — level of evidence set to 5 (animal/mechanistic study).","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00090.2026","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study is entirely preclinical (neonatal rat model); no human data are presented. Clinical applicability is speculative at this stage.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"In a neonatal rat model of hyperoxia-intermittent hypoxia (H-IH)-induced BPD (PND 1–21), this study compared two TSP-1 inhibition strategies: LSKL (blocks TSP-1-mediated TGF-β1 activation only; 20 mg/kg/day SQ) vs. soluble CD47 receptor ligand trap (sCD47r; global TSP-1 signaling blockade; 3 mg/kg every 3 days).","key_result":"Both LSKL and sCD47r equally prevented H-IH-induced rises in active TGF-β1, macrophage influx, alveolar and pulmonary vascular hypoplasia, and pulmonary hypertension; only sCD47r additionally increased lung NO content and signaling, suggesting TGF-β1 pathway blockade alone is sufficient for the structural and hemodynamic benefits.","limitations":"- Rat model only; findings may not directly translate to human neonates with BPD.\n- Pharmacologic dosing and schedule (daily LSKL vs. every-3-day sCD47r) differ, making strict dose-equivalence comparisons difficult.\n- Mechanistic endpoints are biochemical/histologic; no long-term outcomes or safety data are provided.","practice_takeaway":"Targeting TSP-1–mediated TGF-β1 activation with LSKL peptide prevented experimental BPD as effectively as global TSP-1 blockade, identifying TGF-β1 activation as a key actionable node. Clinicians should watch for translational trials testing TSP-1/TGF-β1 pathway inhibitors in premature infants at risk for BPD."}},{"doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","pmid":"42373305","title":"High versus low PEEP in the delivery room: a preimplementation and postimplementation cohort study","journal_title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition","journal_issn":"1359-2998","published_at":"2026-06-29T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","source_score":10,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-10T13:25:35.949Z","updated_at":"2026-07-10T13:25:35.949Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"category","value":"Pediatrics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"condition","value":"Preterm Birth","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"condition","value":"Respiratory Distress Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"condition","value":"Retinopathy of Prematurity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"modality","value":"Non-Invasive Ventilation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"modality","value":"Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"modality","value":"Surfactant Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=718","value_numeric":718},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sex distribution was listed as mixed but exact breakdown per group is not reported in the abstract.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"warning","value":"The pre/post design means the two groups differ by calendar period (2015–2019 vs 2019–2023), making it impossible to rule out confounding from concurrent changes in care practices over time.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"warning","value":"The primary outcome (SpO₂/FiO₂ ratio at 5 min) showed no significant difference, yet several secondary outcomes favored high PEEP — multiplicity of secondary endpoints should be interpreted with caution.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This retrospective pre/post cohort study compared PEEP of 10 cmH₂O (high) vs 6 cmH₂O (low) during the first 10 minutes after birth in 718 preterm infants <32 weeks GA born at a single German center (2015–2023), with a protocol change in 2019 defining the two groups.","key_result":"No difference was found in the primary outcome (SpO₂/FiO₂ ratio at 5 min). However, low PEEP was associated with higher odds of intubation within 72 hours (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.07–2.66), BPD (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.14–2.64), and retinopathy of prematurity (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.17–2.79); low-PEEP infants also had more surfactant use (41% vs 29%) and longer non-invasive ventilation (30 vs 19 days median).","limitations":"- Non-randomized pre/post design introduces confounding by secular trends and other protocol changes over the 8-year period.\n- Single-center study limits generalizability.\n- Retrospective data collection with no blinding.","practice_takeaway":"Using PEEP 10 cmH₂O in the delivery room may reduce BPD, ROP, and early intubation in preterm infants <32 weeks, but this is hypothesis-generating only — wait for RCT evidence before broadly changing practice."}},{"doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","pmid":"42363693","title":"Early dysanapsis in experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia: implications for lifelong lung disease","journal_title":"American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology","journal_issn":"1040-0605","published_at":"2026-06-27T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-04T18:18:06.075Z","updated_at":"2026-08-04T18:18:06.075Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","tag_type":"category","value":"Respiratory System","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","tag_type":"condition","value":"Chorioamnionitis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","tag_type":"condition","value":"Dysanapsis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"6","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","tag_type":"modality","value":"Intraamniotic Endotoxin (Experimental Model)","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Animal Experimental Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","tag_type":"warning","value":"FEV0.1 is used as the rat analog of FEV1 in humans — clinical equivalence is approximate.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","tag_type":"warning","value":"No sex-disaggregated data were reported in the abstract; sex tag omitted.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","tag_type":"warning","value":"The paper is dated June 2026 but DOI references 'ajplung.00152.2026,' which may indicate ahead-of-print status; final published data should be verified.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00152.2026","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a preclinical animal study; findings from Sprague-Dawley rats may not directly translate to human clinical practice.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This preclinical rat study evaluated whether a single intraamniotic endotoxin injection at embryonic day 20 (mimicking maternal chorioamnionitis at ~26–28 weeks gestation) causes persistent dysanaptic lung growth and impaired lung function at postnatal days 14 and 28 (analogous to human infancy and childhood).","key_result":"AN-ETX-exposed rats showed persistent somatic growth failure, reduced alveolarization, reduced vascularization, right ventricular hypertrophy, and worsening airflow obstruction: decreased FEV0.1/FVC at D14, and both decreased FEV0.1 and FEV0.1/FVC by D28. Large airway size was reduced at D14; medium airway diameters were also reduced by D28.","limitations":"- Animal model only (Sprague-Dawley rats); direct translation to human BPD is uncertain.\n- Only two postnatal time points assessed; long-term adult outcomes were not measured.\n- Single antenatal insult model may not reflect the multifactorial exposures seen in human preterm BPD.","practice_takeaway":"Antenatal chorioamnionitis alone may be sufficient to set off a trajectory of progressive airway obstruction and dysanaptic lung growth lasting well beyond the neonatal period. Clinicians should consider early and sustained pulmonary surveillance in preterm infants born after intrauterine infection, even in the absence of postnatal respiratory support."}},{"doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","pmid":"42333948","title":"The Use of Outpatient Diuretics Does Not Impact Somatic Growth in Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","journal_title":"Pediatric Pulmonology","journal_issn":"8755-6863","published_at":"2026-06-23T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.71712","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-27T13:27:38.259Z","updated_at":"2026-06-27T13:27:38.259Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"age_group","value":"infant","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"category","value":"Respiratory System","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"condition","value":"Preterm Birth","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"modality","value":"Loop Diuretic","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"modality","value":"Potassium-Sparing Diuretic","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"modality","value":"Thiazide Diuretic","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=829","value_numeric":829},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"warning","value":"Specific diuretic agents (e.g., furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone) are discussed in general terms but individual drug-level growth data are not reported — brand and generic tags were omitted accordingly.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"warning","value":"The unadjusted analysis showed a statistically significant difference in weight z-score improvement favoring the no-diuretic group (0.97 vs. 0.64, p<0.001), but this became non-significant after adjustment — readers should note the confounding by disease severity.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a letter-format publication, which may limit the depth of methods and data reporting compared to a full original article.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This retrospective cohort study examined whether outpatient diuretic use affects somatic growth (weight z-scores) in 829 infants with BPD (born ≤32 weeks gestation) seen at two tertiary BPD clinics between 2008–2023, comparing weight z-scores before and after diuretic discontinuation (median age ~9.23 months) between diuretic-treated (n=459) and untreated (n=370) groups.","key_result":"After adjusting for gestational age, birth weight, BPD severity, pulmonary hypertension, and gastrostomy tube, outpatient diuretic use was **not** associated with a significant difference in weight z-scores before or after discontinuation. Children not on diuretics had a greater improvement in weight z-score (0.97 vs. 0.64, p<0.001), but this difference disappeared on adjusted, site-clustered analysis.","limitations":"- Retrospective design with no granular data on diuretic dose, duration, or adherence; discharge weight z-scores were unavailable, limiting trajectory analysis during active diuretic exposure.\n- Detailed nutritional data (caloric density, fortification) not captured — residual confounding by nutrition possible.\n- Cohort drawn from two tertiary BPD centers enriched for severe disease, limiting generalizability to milder BPD; 15-year enrollment window introduces risk of temporal confounding from evolving care practices.","practice_takeaway":"Outpatient diuretic therapy does not appear to impair weight gain in infants with BPD — clinicians need not discontinue diuretics based on growth concerns alone. An individualized approach guided by respiratory status, with close weight monitoring and gradual weaning as the child outgrows the dose, remains reasonable practice."}},{"doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","pmid":"42313077","title":"Hyperoxia and iron homeostasis in developing human airway smooth muscle","journal_title":"American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology","journal_issn":"1040-0605","published_at":"2026-06-18T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","source_score":3,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-26T13:44:51.995Z","updated_at":"2026-07-26T13:44:51.995Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"category","value":"Respiratory System","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"condition","value":"Asthma","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"condition","value":"Ferroptosis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hyperoxic Lung Injury","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"generic","value":"deferoxamine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"generic","value":"ferrostatin-1","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"6","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"modality","value":"Ferroptosis Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"modality","value":"Iron Chelator","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"study_design","value":"In Vitro Experimental Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"warning","value":"No sample size (N) is reported in the abstract; this is an in vitro cell model study so a traditional participant count is not applicable.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design is a laboratory cell culture experiment — 'level of evidence 6' assigned to reflect basic science/in vitro work; clinical applicability is indirect.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00027.2026","tag_type":"warning","value":"The paper's publication date (June 2026) is recent; findings have not yet been replicated or validated in animal or clinical models.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This study examined how moderate (50%, 70%) and severe (90%) hyperoxia affects iron metabolism, antioxidant systems, and lipid peroxidation in human fetal airway smooth muscle (fASM) cells over 48 hours, with and without pretreatment by deferoxamine (DFO, 100 µM) or ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1, 10 µM).","key_result":"Moderate hyperoxia (50–70% O₂) impaired antioxidant defenses and dysregulated iron metabolism, while only severe hyperoxia (90% O₂) increased labile iron and lipid peroxidation — markers of early ferroptosis onset. DFO reduced cytosolic iron and Fer-1 reduced lipid peroxidation byproducts, though neither rescued impaired antioxidant systems.","limitations":"Study used an in vitro fetal cell model, limiting direct translation to intact developing airways in vivo. Only two pharmacologic interventions were tested. Dose-response thresholds between moderate and severe O₂ effects are not fully defined.","practice_takeaway":"Even clinically used moderate supplemental oxygen levels may begin to compromise iron regulation and antioxidant defenses in premature airway cells before frank ferroptotic cell death occurs. Clinicians should be aware that oxygen thresholds matter — even sub-severe hyperoxia may prime developing airways for injury."}},{"doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","pmid":"42242271","title":"Respiratory trajectories of infants born before 26 weeks of gestation from birth to discharge: an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial","journal_title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health","journal_issn":"2352-4642","published_at":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","source_score":5,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-11T13:42:46.972Z","updated_at":"2026-06-11T13:42:46.972Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"category","value":"Pediatrics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"condition","value":"Extreme Prematurity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"condition","value":"Respiratory Distress Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"generic","value":"budesonide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"generic","value":"surfactant","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"modality","value":"Corticosteroid","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"modality","value":"Mechanical Ventilation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"modality","value":"Surfactant Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=601","value_numeric":601},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Post-Hoc Exploratory Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trial","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"warning","value":"BPD is not explicitly named as an outcome in the abstract; the condition tag is inferred from oxygen/respiratory support use at 36–40 weeks' postmenstrual age.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"warning","value":"PLUSS trial follow-up described as ongoing; longer-term outcomes not yet reported in this paper.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"warning","value":"The 22–23-week gestational age subgroup is small (n=135), so estimates carry wide uncertainty intervals.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2352-4642(26)00094-5","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a post-hoc exploratory analysis — no pre-specified primary endpoint, so findings are descriptive and hypothesis-generating only.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Post-hoc exploratory analysis of the PLUSS RCT describing respiratory trajectories from birth to discharge in 601 infants born before 26 weeks' gestation (22–25 weeks) who received surfactant, across 21 NICUs in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and Singapore (Jan 2018–Mar 2023). Treatment and control groups were combined.","key_result":"Intubation at birth was near-universal at 22–23 weeks (97%) vs. 74% at 24 weeks and 64% at 25 weeks. Median time to first extubation was 15 days at 22–23 weeks vs. 6 days at 24 weeks and 3 days at 25 weeks. Reintubation was required in 66% (22–23 wks), 51% (24 wks), and 38% (25 wks). At 40 weeks' postmenstrual age, only 11% of 22–23-week survivors were discharged home, with 85% of still-hospitalized infants on oxygen or respiratory support.","limitations":"Post-hoc exploratory analysis with no primary hypothesis, limiting inferential value. Only surfactant-treated infants from the PLUSS trial were included, which may not represent all extremely preterm infants. Very small numbers at 22–23 weeks reduce precision of estimates.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians counseling families of infants born at 22–25 weeks should expect highly protracted respiratory support, with most 22–23-week infants still hospitalized and oxygen-dependent at 40 weeks' postmenstrual age. These trajectory data can ground realistic family consultations and inform design of future trials in this population."}},{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","pmid":"42086726","title":"Impact of nosocomial infections on neurodevelopmental outcome and rehospitalization rate in preterm infants with birth weight below 1500 g (NINO study)","journal_title":"Journal of Perinatology","journal_issn":"0743-8346","published_at":"2026-05-06T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","source_score":10,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-05-08","doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","days":"7","issn":"0743-8346","rank":"2","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"10","category":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","categories":["Obstetrics & Gynecology"],"_categories":["Obstetrics & Gynecology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","title":"Impact of nosocomial infections on neurodevelopmental outcome and rehospitalization rate in preterm infants with birth weight below 1500 g (NINO study).","journal":"Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association","methods":"","results":"Of 620 study infants 418 without neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI). were compared to 202 infants with NDI. Single or multiple nosocomial infections were not risk factors for NDI in a multivariate logistic regression model checked for multicollinearity. Infants with NDI were of younger gestational age, had lower birth weights and higher rates of neonatal complications (ileus, periventricular leukomalacia, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia). Nosocomial infection were also not risk factors for rehospitalizations by infectious diseases.","abstract":"$30","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"42086726","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2026-05-06T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","ISSN":["0743-8346","1476-5543"],"link":[{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-026-02681-2.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-026-02681-2","content-type":"text/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-026-02681-2.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["Impact of nosocomial infections on neurodevelopmental outcome and rehospitalization rate in preterm infants with birth weight below 1500 g (NINO study)"],"author":[{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Resch-Poteralski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Maurer-Fellbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Eichberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Strenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Pichler-Stachl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Avian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Resch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Berndt","family":"Urlesberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"member":"297","prefix":"10.1038","source":"Crossref","volume":null,"created":{"date-time":"2026-05-05T08:16:08Z","timestamp":1777968968000,"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2026-05-05T09:11:28Z","timestamp":1777972288473,"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"license":[{"URL":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","start":{"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000,"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"tdm"},{"URL":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","start":{"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000,"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"vor"}],"subject":[],"abstract":"$31","language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-026-02681-2"}},"subtitle":[],"assertion":[{"name":"received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Received","order":1,"value":"23 January 2026"},{"name":"revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Revised","order":2,"value":"6 March 2026"},{"name":"accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Accepted","order":3,"value":"31 March 2026"},{"name":"first_online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"First Online","order":4,"value":"5 May 2026"},{"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"},"order":1,"value":"The authors declare no competing interests."},{"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"},"order":2,"value":"by the local ethic committee of the Medical University of Graz ID 31-396 ex 18/19. 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JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167:662–8.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"}],"short-title":[],"update-policy":"https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy","alternative-id":["2681"],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"original-title":[],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatology"],"reference-count":21,"published-online":{"date-time":null,"timestamp":null,"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"references-count":21,"short-container-title":["J Perinatol"],"is-referenced-by-count":0},"unpaywall":{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","is_oa":true,"title":"Impact of nosocomial infections on neurodevelopmental outcome and rehospitalization rate in preterm infants with birth weight below 1500 g (NINO study)","updated":"2026-05-06T13:23:02+00:00","published_date":"2026-05-05","best_oa_location":{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","pmh_id":null,"url_for_pdf":null,"url_for_landing_page":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2"}}},"created_at":"2026-05-09T13:22:28.307Z","updated_at":"2026-05-14T15:13:26.918Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Neurodevelopmental Impairment","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Nosocomial Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Periventricular Leukomalacia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Prematurity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Very Low Birth Weight","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=620","value_numeric":620},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"warning","value":"Single-center design (Germany, DRKS registry) may limit generalizability to other NICU settings with different infection control practices.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"warning","value":"The abstract and results sections are near-identical, suggesting limited detail was available — key data such as infection pathogen types, severity grading, and specific Bayley scale scores are not reported.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02681-2","tag_type":"warning","value":"The DOI year (2026) is consistent with the publication date provided; no discrepancy detected.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This retrospective single-center cohort study evaluated whether nosocomial bacterial and viral infections in preterm VLBW infants (birth weight <1500 g, born 2010–2018) were associated with neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) or rehospitalization for infectious diseases by 2 years corrected age (assessed via Bayley scales).","key_result":"Among 620 VLBW preterm infants (418 without NDI vs. 202 with NDI), single or multiple nosocomial infections were not independent risk factors for NDI or rehospitalization in multivariate logistic regression. NDI was instead associated with younger gestational age, lower birth weight, and higher rates of ileus, periventricular leukomalacia, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","limitations":"Retrospective single-center design limits generalizability. Follow-up only to 2 years corrected age may miss later neurodevelopmental effects. No detail provided on infection types, severity, or pathogens.","practice_takeaway":"Nosocomial infections alone do not appear to drive NDI or rehospitalization risk in VLBW preterm infants — prematurity severity and neonatal complications (BPD, PVL) remain the dominant risk factors. Clinicians should focus neurodevelopmental surveillance resources on the youngest, smallest, and most complication-prone infants."}},{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","pmid":"42056238","title":"Incidence and factors associated with dysphagia in infants born very preterm or very low birth weight","journal_title":"Journal of Perinatology","journal_issn":"0743-8346","published_at":"2026-04-29T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","source_score":8,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-29T13:23:15.030Z","updated_at":"2026-05-29T13:23:15.030Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"condition","value":"Dysphagia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"condition","value":"Intracranial Hemorrhage","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"condition","value":"Necrotizing Enterocolitis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"condition","value":"Very Low Birth Weight","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"condition","value":"Very Preterm Birth","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"modality","value":"Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=158","value_numeric":158},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"warning","value":"Gestational age and birth weight cutoffs defining 'very preterm' and 'very low birth weight' are not specified in the abstract.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sex distribution of the cohort is not explicitly reported in the abstract; the 'mixed' sex tag is assumed based on typical NICU cohort composition.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-026-02701-1","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study is listed as published in 2026; today's date is May 29, 2026, so this is a very recent publication — findings have not yet been widely replicated.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Retrospective cohort study of 158 very preterm (VP) or very low birth weight (VLBW) infants born over two years, comparing 40 infants with dysphagia (confirmed by flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing) to 118 without dysphagia.","key_result":"Dysphagia incidence was 25%. It was independently associated with necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and intracranial hemorrhage, as well as more central line days and longer hospital stays. Before discharge, 95% (38/40) required thickened feeds and 7.5% (3/40) needed a gastrostomy tube.","limitations":"Single-center retrospective design limits generalizability. Diagnosis required flexible endoscopic evaluation, which may not be uniformly applied, risking ascertainment bias. Small dysphagia group (n=40) may limit precision of regression estimates.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians should screen VP/VLBW infants for dysphagia early, given a 1-in-4 incidence and strong links to NEC, BPD, and intracranial hemorrhage. Most affected infants will need thickened feeds at discharge, and a small subset will require gastrostomy."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","pmid":"42061466","title":"Maternal and perinatal nutritional programming of lung health and disease in childhood and early adulthood: Research gaps and opportunities—National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/National Institutes of Health Workshop Report","journal_title":"Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology","journal_issn":"0091-6749","published_at":"2026-04-29T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-09T13:35:53.884Z","updated_at":"2026-07-09T13:35:53.884Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","tag_type":"category","value":"Allergy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","tag_type":"condition","value":"Asthma","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","tag_type":"condition","value":"Wheeze","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"7","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","tag_type":"modality","value":"Dietary Supplementation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","tag_type":"modality","value":"Nutritional Intervention","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Expert Consensus / Workshop Report","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","tag_type":"warning","value":"Findings and recommendations reflect the state of knowledge as of October 2024 and may not capture trials published after that date.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design label 'Expert Consensus / Workshop Report' is non-standard; closest canonical label used.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaci.2026.03.029","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a workshop/consensus report with no original trial data; level of evidence is set to 7 (expert opinion). No sample size is applicable.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"An NHLBI-sponsored workshop (October 24–25, 2024) examined how maternal and perinatal nutrition—including dietary patterns, specific nutrient supplementation, gestational weight gain, and maternal obesity—shapes lung development and respiratory outcomes (wheeze, asthma, bronchopulmonary dysplasia) in children and young adults, with special focus on preterm infants and food-insecure families.","key_result":"The workshop identified critical research gaps rather than reporting primary outcome data; key themes included the need for randomized dietary intervention trials, mechanistic studies of the microbiome/metabolome/epigenome, and implementation strategies for nutritional interventions—especially human milk use in preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","limitations":"This is a consensus workshop report, not an original study; no new experimental data or effect sizes are presented. Recommendations reflect expert opinion and may not yet be supported by completed randomized evidence.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians caring for preterm infants or pregnant patients should be aware that maternal diet, gestational weight gain, and early postnatal nutrition (especially human milk) are emerging modifiable targets for reducing childhood asthma and bronchopulmonary dysplasia risk. Coordinated nutritional counseling and attention to food insecurity in these populations may have long-term respiratory benefits, though definitive trial evidence is still pending."}},{"doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","pmid":"41874349","title":"Modulation of alveolar macrophages by sex as a biological variable","journal_title":"American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology","journal_issn":"1040-0605","published_at":"2026-03-24T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","source_score":1,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-06T13:22:58.153Z","updated_at":"2026-06-06T13:22:58.153Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","tag_type":"category","value":"Respiratory System","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","tag_type":"condition","value":"Neonatal Lung Injury","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"6","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","tag_type":"modality","value":"Immunometabolism","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","tag_type":"study_design","value":"In Vitro Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","tag_type":"warning","value":"No human subjects were studied; all findings are from murine cell lines and primary mouse neonatal macrophages — clinical translation is preliminary.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size (N) for primary neonatal AM experiments is not reported in the abstract, limiting assessment of statistical power.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00410.2025","tag_type":"warning","value":"The adult male and female AMs come from different established cell lines (MH-S vs. AMJ2-C11), which may introduce cell-line-specific confounders beyond biological sex.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This study examined how biological sex shapes the bioenergetic profiles of alveolar macrophages (AMs) — both adult murine AM cell lines and primary neonatal AMs — at baseline and after 48 hours of hyperoxia (85% O₂), in the context of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) susceptibility.","key_result":"Adult female AMs had higher basal and maximal respiration than males; hyperoxia suppressed maximal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and spare respiratory capacity in female AMs while male AMs showed little change. In neonatal AMs, both sexes showed mitochondrial suppression under hyperoxia, but the decline was more pronounced in males; neonatal female AMs also upregulated glycolytic reserve under hyperoxia.","limitations":"Study relies on adult murine cell lines (MH-S and AMJ2-C11) rather than primary adult AMs, limiting direct translation. Neonatal findings are from a single inbred mouse strain (C57BL/6), which may not generalize broadly. In vitro hyperoxia exposure may not fully replicate the complex in vivo lung injury milieu.","practice_takeaway":"Sex should be treated as a biological variable when designing studies and therapies for neonatal lung injury and BPD. These findings support the development of sex-specific therapeutic strategies targeting AM immunometabolism in preterm infants."}},{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02539-z","pmid":"41490933","title":"Toward precision for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Moving past current definitions","journal_title":"Journal of Perinatology","journal_issn":"0743-8346","published_at":"2026-01-06T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-025-02539-z","source_score":18,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-01-07","doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02539-z","days":"14","issn":"0743-8346","rank":"8","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"18","category":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","categories":["Obstetrics & Gynecology"],"_categories":["Obstetrics & Gynecology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02539-z","title":"Toward precision for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Moving past current definitions.","journal":"Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association","methods":"","results":"","abstract":"$32","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"41490933","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2026-01-06T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41372-025-02539-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-025-02539-z","ISSN":["0743-8346","1476-5543"],"link":[{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02539-z.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02539-z","content-type":"text/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02539-z.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["Toward precision for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Moving past current definitions"],"author":[{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Kielt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Nelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Steven H.","family":"Abman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leif D.","family":"Nelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"member":"297","prefix":"10.1038","source":"Crossref","volume":null,"created":{"date-time":"2026-01-05T13:22:34Z","timestamp":1767619354000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:19:23Z","timestamp":1767665963916,"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"license":[{"URL":"https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining","start":{"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"tdm"},{"URL":"https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining","start":{"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"vor"}],"subject":[],"abstract":null,"language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02539-z"}},"subtitle":[],"assertion":[{"name":"received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Received","order":1,"value":"11 July 2025"},{"name":"revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Revised","order":2,"value":"6 October 2025"},{"name":"accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Accepted","order":3,"value":"5 December 2025"},{"name":"first_online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"First Online","order":4,"value":"5 January 2026"},{"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"},"order":1,"value":"The authors declare no competing financial interests."}],"deposited":{"date-time":"2026-01-06T02:03:22Z","timestamp":1767665002000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0743-8346"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-5543"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","reference":[{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJM196702162760701","key":"2539_CR1","year":"1967","issue":null,"author":"WH Northway Jr","volume":"276","first-page":"357","unstructured":"Northway WH Jr, Rosan RC, Porter DY. 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block group level) was associated with asthma diagnosis.","key_result":"By age 5 years, 169 of 337 (50.1%) infants had an asthma diagnosis.","limitations":"Single-center cohort of BPD survivors limits generalizability. PM2.5 exposure was assigned at the residential census block group level, which may misclassify individual exposure.","practice_takeaway":"Asthma by age 5 was common (50%) in this BPD cohort, supporting vigilant asthma screening and follow-up in these children."}},{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02472-1","pmid":"41249591","title":"Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in neonates with grade 3 bronchopulmonary dysplasia","journal_title":"Journal of Perinatology","journal_issn":"0743-8346","published_at":"2025-11-18T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-025-02472-1","source_score":20,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2025-11-18","doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02472-1","days":"30","issn":"0743-8346","rank":"8","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"20","category":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","categories":["Obstetrics & Gynecology"],"_categories":["Obstetrics & Gynecology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02472-1","title":"Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in neonates with grade 3 bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","journal":"Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association","methods":"","results":"There were 28 non-tracheostomy and 17 tracheostomy patients. There were no differences in gestational age, birthweight, or respiratory severity score at key dates. Tracheostomy patients were more likely to have subglottic stenosis (53% vs 3.6%, p = 0.0001) and were older at discharge home [median 447 (411-479) vs 252 (184-309) days, p < 0.0001].","abstract":"We describe a novel strategy of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) to support patients with Grade 3 bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).\nThis is a retrospective study of Grade 3 BPD patients treated with NIPPV and discharged from a single center from January 2020 to May 2024. Patients were grouped into discharged without tracheostomy vs with tracheostomy. Groups were assessed for clinical differences, and the NIPPV strategy is described.\nThere were 28 non-tracheostomy and 17 tracheostomy patients. There were no differences in gestational age, birthweight, or respiratory severity score at key dates. Tracheostomy patients were more likely to have subglottic stenosis (53% vs 3.6%, p = 0.0001) and were older at discharge home [median 447 (411-479) vs 252 (184-309) days, p < 0.0001].\nA subset of Grade 3 BPD patients can be supported with NIPPV. The non-tracheostomy group had decreased length of stay compared to the tracheostomy group.","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"41249591","conclusions":"A subset of Grade 3 BPD patients can be supported with NIPPV. The non-tracheostomy group had decreased length of stay compared to the tracheostomy group.","publication_date":"2025-11-18T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41372-025-02472-1","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-025-02472-1","ISSN":["0743-8346","1476-5543"],"link":[{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02472-1.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02472-1","content-type":"text/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02472-1.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in neonates with grade 3 bronchopulmonary dysplasia"],"author":[{"given":"Mark F.","family":"Weems","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vineet","family":"Lamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Chilakala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L. 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RR is a joint patent holder and receives royalties from NeoTech Products, Inc., for RAM Nasal Cannula. VL, SC, LBM, DR, RS, and PZ have nothing to report."},{"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"},"order":2,"value":"This study was approved by the IRB at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (19-06918-XP) and waiver of consent was granted. 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