2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T49f,In 2021, for all age groups and sexes across the US, there were 31 780 incident cases (95% UI, 29971.1 to 32843.9). Age-standardized incidence, DALYs, and mortality rates per 100 000 population were 6.91 (95% UI, 6.58 to 7.12), 134.38 (95% UI, 129.83 to 137.95), and 4.1 (95% UI, 3.87 to 4.22), respectively. Despite no significant change observed in the overall incidence between 1990 and 2021, DALY and mortality rates decreased by 15.77% (95% UI, -17.75% to -13.68%) and 8.41% (95% UI, -11.09% to -6.22%), respectively. Substantial geographic variability was noted. Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, and Kansas (West North Central and East South Central divisions) and West Virginia faced persistently high burdens over the past 30 years. Sex differences were evident; disease burden was consistently higher in males compared with females. Age-specific estimates showed a bimodal distribution: the youngest group (<5 years) showed a significant decrease in incidence rate (-34.42% to -11.56%), whereas older age groups (>70 years) experienced increasing trends. DALYs and mortality rates were negatively correlated with SDI (ρ = -0.6860 and ρ = -0.6391; P < .001).31:T924,Primary brain and central nervous system cancer (collectively referred to as CNS cancer) comprises 2% of all human cancers and poses significant health and economic challenges in the United States. To analyze CNS cancer burden in the US, stratified by time, location (state and division), sex, age group, and Sociodemographic Index (SDI). This cross-sectional study involved a repeated analysis of Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 data in 2024. Using data from 183 sources, CNS cancer metrics in the US were estimated across states and years. US CNS cancer metrics across all sexes and age groups were included in the GBD. CNS cancer diagnosis. Overall and age-standardized estimates of the incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), years of life lost, and years lived with disability per 100 000 population, including 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), and time trends. In 2021, for all age groups and sexes across the US, there were 31 780 incident cases (95% UI, 29971.1 to 32843.9). Age-standardized incidence, DALYs, and mortality rates per 100 000 population were 6.91 (95% UI, 6.58 to 7.12), 134.38 (95% UI, 129.83 to 137.95), and 4.1 (95% UI, 3.87 to 4.22), respectively. Despite no significant change observed in the overall incidence between 1990 and 2021, DALY and mortality rates decreased by 15.77% (95% UI, -17.75% to -13.68%) and 8.41% (95% UI, -11.09% to -6.22%), respectively. Substantial geographic variability was noted. Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, and Kansas (West North Central and East South Central divisions) and West Virginia faced persistently high burdens over the past 30 years. Sex differences were evident; disease burden was consistently higher in males compared with females. Age-specific estimates showed a bimodal distribution: the youngest group (<5 years) showed a significant decrease in incidence rate (-34.42% to -11.56%), whereas older age groups (>70 years) experienced increasing trends. DALYs and mortality rates were negatively correlated with SDI (ρ = -0.6860 and ρ = -0.6391; P < .001). These findings provide valuable insights into the CNS cancer burden across the US by age, sex, location, and SDI, enabling better public health status assessments, health care policy restructuring, and resource redistribution for improved care.32:Tea9, Importance Primary brain and central nervous system cancer (collectively referred to as CNS cancer) comprises 2% of all human cancers and poses significant health and economic challenges in the United States. Objective To analyze CNS cancer burden in the US, stratified by time, location (state and division), sex, age group, and Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study involved a repeated analysis of Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 data in 2024. Using data from 183 sources, CNS cancer metrics in the US were estimated across states and years. US CNS cancer metrics across all sexes and age groups were included in the GBD. Exposure CNS cancer diagnosis. Main Outcomes and Measures Overall and age-standardized estimates of the incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), years of life lost, and years lived with disability per 100 000 population, including 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), and time trends. Results In 2021, for all age groups and sexes across the US, there were 31 780 incident cases (95% UI, 29971.1 to 32843.9). Age-standardized incidence, DALYs, and mortality rates per 100 000 population were 6.91 (95% UI, 6.58 to 7.12), 134.38 (95% UI, 129.83 to 137.95), and 4.1 (95% UI, 3.87 to 4.22), respectively. Despite no significant change observed in the overall incidence between 1990 and 2021, DALY and mortality rates decreased by 15.77% (95% UI, −17.75% to −13.68%) and 8.41% (95% UI, −11.09% to −6.22%), respectively. Substantial geographic variability was noted. Mississippi, Alabama, Kentucky, and Kansas (West North Central and East South Central divisions) and West Virginia faced persistently high burdens over the past 30 years. Sex differences were evident; disease burden was consistently higher in males compared with females. Age-specific estimates showed a bimodal distribution: the youngest group (&lt;5 years) showed a significant decrease in incidence rate (−34.42% to −11.56%), whereas older age groups (&gt;70 years) experienced increasing trends. DALYs and mortality rates were negatively correlated with SDI (ρ = −0.6860 and ρ = −0.6391; P &lt; .001). Conclusions and Relevance These findings provide valuable insights into the CNS cancer burden across the US by age, sex, location, and SDI, enabling better public health status assessments, health care policy restructuring, and resource redistribution for improved care. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Central Nervous System Cancer: condition Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Central Nervous System Cancer (condition). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. Updated daily.\",\"url\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition/Central%20Nervous%20System%20Cancer\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research Hub\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Conditions\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Central Nervous System Cancer\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition/Central%20Nervous%20System%20Cancer\"}]}}"}}]],["$","$L2f",null,{"title":"Central Nervous System Cancer: Research & Clinical Takeaways","description":"Discover peer-reviewed research on Central Nervous System Cancer with concise clinician summaries and next-step guidance.","papers":[{"doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","pmid":"42207508","title":"Longitudinal Risk for Suicidal Self-Directed Violence Among Veterans With Cancer","journal_title":"JAMA Oncology","journal_issn":"2374-2437","published_at":"2026-05-28T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13220153/","source_score":62,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-10T14:23:43.723Z","updated_at":"2026-06-10T14:23:43.723Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"category","value":"Oncology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"condition","value":"Cancer","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"condition","value":"Central Nervous System Cancer","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"condition","value":"Head and Neck Cancer","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pancreatic Cancer","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"condition","value":"Suicidal Self-Directed Violence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=292271","value_numeric":292271},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Prospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"warning","value":"The label 'prospective cohort' is inferred from registry and VA administrative data linkage over a defined period; the paper describes itself as a 'national cohort study' without explicitly stating prospective data collection.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study population is ~98% male and entirely VA-enrolled, so findings — especially sex-stratified rates — should be interpreted cautiously when applied to general oncology populations.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.1459","tag_type":"warning","value":"The wide confidence interval for Asian veterans (aHR 2.55; 95% CI 1.12–5.76) reflects a small subgroup (n=1,365); this estimate carries meaningful uncertainty.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This national cohort study examined longitudinal risk of suicidal self-directed violence (SSDV — both fatal and nonfatal attempts) among 292,271 U.S. veterans with invasive solid or hematologic cancer in the VA system from January 2014 to December 2023, using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to identify high-risk subgroups.","key_result":"There were 2,400 SSDV events overall (rate: 203 per 100,000 person-years); poisoning was the most common method (26%). Risk was highest in younger veterans (≤45 years: 643/100,000 PY), those with severe frailty (544/100,000 PY), or chronic mental illness (419/100,000 PY). Asian race (aHR 2.55), CNS cancer (aHR 2.07), and unmarried status (aHR 1.83) were the strongest early hazard factors; elevated risk persisted ≥5 years post-diagnosis in younger, unmarried, CNS cancer, and advanced-stage patients.","limitations":"- Cohort is predominantly older, male, and VA-enrolled, limiting generalizability to non-veteran or privately insured cancer patients.\n- Nonfatal SSDV may be undercounted due to underreporting or coding gaps in administrative data.\n- Causal inference is not possible given the observational design.","practice_takeaway":"Screen all veterans with cancer for suicide risk — not just those with obvious psychiatric history — paying special attention to younger patients, those with CNS, pancreatic, or head and neck cancers, unmarried individuals, and Asian veterans, especially in the first 6 months after diagnosis. Because risk persists years into survivorship, suicide risk assessment should continue well beyond the acute treatment phase."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.4286","pmid":"41182787","title":"Burden of Central Nervous System Cancer in the United States, 1990-2021","journal_title":"JAMA Neurology","journal_issn":"2168-6149","published_at":"2025-11-03T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.4286","source_score":27,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-01-16","doi":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.4286","days":"7","issn":"2168-6149","rank":"9","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"27","category":"Clinical Neurology","categories":["Clinical Neurology"],"_categories":["Clinical Neurology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.4286","title":"Burden of Central Nervous System Cancer in the United States, 1990-2021.","journal":"JAMA neurology","methods":"","results":"$30","abstract":"$31","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"41182787","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.4286","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.4286","ISSN":["2168-6149"],"link":[{"URL":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/articlepdf/2841027/jamaneurology_han_2025_oi_250074_1767644888.72638.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":"35","type":"journal-article","issue":"1","score":1,"title":["Burden of Central Nervous System Cancer in the United States, 1990-2021"],"author":[{"given":null,"family":null,"sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hyun Jin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"}]},{"given":"Yun Seo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"}]},{"given":"Seoyeon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}]},{"given":"Jae Il","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}]},{"given":"Min Seo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"}]},{"given":"Ju Hyung","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"}]},{"given":"Yong Bae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea"}]},{"given":"Hazim S.","family":"Ababneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abu-Zaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis"}]},{"given":"Demelash","family":"Areda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, Arizona"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe"}]},{"given":"Santhosh","family":"Arul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Y.","family":"Azzam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, Delaware"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt"}]},{"given":"Mainak","family":"Bardhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Amin","family":"Bayat Tork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Science Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Behnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avicenna Biotech Research, Germantown, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Regulatory Affairs, Amarex Clinical Research, Germantown, Maryland"}]},{"given":"Gokce Belge","family":"Bilgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}]},{"given":"Prarthna V.","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield"}]},{"given":"Soumitra S.","family":"Bhuyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Administration, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey"}]},{"given":"Nima Broomand","family":"Lomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"}]},{"given":"Meng Xuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}]},{"given":"Suma Sri","family":"Chennapragada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology-Oncology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle"},{"name":"Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle"}]},{"given":"Frances E.","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley"}]},{"given":"Sindhura","family":"Deekonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York"}]},{"given":"Xueting","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joe C. Wen School of Population & Public Health, University of California, Irvine"}]},{"given":"Ojas Prakashbhai","family":"Doshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant, South Plainfield, New Jersey"}]},{"given":"Abdel Rahman","family":"E’mar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio"}]},{"given":"Muhammed","family":"Elhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya"},{"name":"Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas"}]},{"given":"Jawad","family":"Fares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Fazeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}]},{"given":"James L","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Cancer Hospital at The Ohio State University, Ohio State University, Columbus"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Fotouhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Gholamrezanezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles"}]},{"given":"Fidelia","family":"Ida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology Department, Sanofi, Cambridge, Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Chidozie Declan","family":"Iwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Jalloh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee"},{"name":"Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}]},{"given":"Chinmay T.","family":"Jani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Rizwan","family":"Kalani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle"}]},{"given":"Samuel Berchi","family":"Kankam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Foad","family":"Kazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}]},{"given":"Ariz","family":"Keshwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois"}]},{"given":"Atulya Aman","family":"Khosla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Corewell Health East William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, Florida"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle"},{"name":"Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle"}]},{"given":"Riffat","family":"Mehboob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland"},{"name":"Research and Development Department, Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Mestrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle"},{"name":"University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Ali H.","family":"Mokdad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle"},{"name":"Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle"}]},{"given":"Christopher J. L.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle"},{"name":"Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle"}]},{"given":"Gurudatta","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham"}]},{"given":"Zuhair S.","family":"Natto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Dang","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Nugen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"},{"name":"School of Information, University of California, Berkeley"}]},{"given":"Atakan","family":"Orscelik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco"}]},{"given":"Romil R.","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Penberthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle"}]},{"given":"Richard G.","family":"Pestell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, New York"}]},{"given":"Disha","family":"Prabhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant, San Diego, California"}]},{"given":"Jagadeesh","family":"Puvvula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia"}]},{"given":"Shakthi Kumaran","family":"Ramasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California"}]},{"given":"Cameron John","family":"Sabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC"}]},{"given":"Austin E.","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle"}]},{"given":"Yigit Can","family":"Senol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco"}]},{"given":"Sunder","family":"Sham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Northwell Health, New York, New York"}]},{"given":"Samendra P.","family":"Sherchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana"}]},{"given":"Gizeaddis Lamesgin","family":"Simegn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"}]},{"given":"Jasvinder A.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Houston, Texas"}]},{"given":"Ranjan","family":"Solanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systemic Pathology, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, New York"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Cupecoy, Saint Martin"}]},{"given":"Bahadar S.","family":"Srichawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester"}]},{"given":"Jabeen","family":"Taiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha"},{"name":"Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Tanwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham"}]},{"given":"Mike Tuffour","family":"Amirikah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts"}]},{"given":"Anjul","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, Odessa"}]},{"given":"Ismaeel","family":"Yunusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia"}]},{"given":"David X.","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"}]},{"given":"Dong Keon","family":"Yon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea"}]},{"given":"Keun Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University, Seoul, South 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