2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T67b,Since 1991, the CDC has recommended screening for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in pregnancy and universal hepatitis B vaccination of all medically stable infants at birth, serving as a core strategy to prevent perinatal and postnatal infection and eliminate HBV transmission nationwide. On December 5, 2025, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) voted (1) among women who screen negative in pregnancy, parents decide, in consultation with providers, when or if to vaccinate their child for hepatitis B, and if not at birth, then aged no earlier than 2 months, and (2) consider collection of infant immune titers to guide decision-making for completing the vaccine series. We conducted a comprehensive review of the evidence on the safety, immunogenicity, efficacy, and effectiveness of the birth dose and a delayed first dose, and of the potential role of serology for clinical decision-making. We analyzed studies of the epidemiology of HBV infection, clinical trials, systematic reviews, vaccine safety from surveillance and clinical studies, and the potential impact of revised guidelines on individual and public health. We synthesized the history of ACIP recommendations and resulting trends in HBV incidence. The review found strong evidence for the safety and effectiveness of the birth dose, and no improvement in safety or effectiveness with a delayed first dose. We found no evidence to support the use of postvaccination serology. Infant vaccination has resulted in a 99% reduction in pediatric HBV infections; we found no evidence to support a change in vaccine recommendations but identified potential health consequences.31:T748, Since 1991, the CDC has recommended screening for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in pregnancy and universal hepatitis B vaccination of all medically stable infants at birth, serving as a core strategy to prevent perinatal and postnatal infection and eliminate HBV transmission nationwide. On December 5, 2025, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) voted (1) among women who screen negative in pregnancy, parents decide, in consultation with providers, when or if to vaccinate their child for hepatitis B, and if not at birth, then aged no earlier than 2 months, and (2) consider collection of infant immune titers to guide decision-making for completing the vaccine series. We conducted a comprehensive review of the evidence on the safety, immunogenicity, efficacy, and effectiveness of the birth dose and a delayed first dose, and of the potential role of serology for clinical decision-making. We analyzed studies of the epidemiology of HBV infection, clinical trials, systematic reviews, vaccine safety from surveillance and clinical studies, and the potential impact of revised guidelines on individual and public health. We synthesized the history of ACIP recommendations and resulting trends in HBV incidence. The review found strong evidence for the safety and effectiveness of the birth dose, and no improvement in safety or effectiveness with a delayed first dose. We found no evidence to support the use of postvaccination serology. Infant vaccination has resulted in a 99% reduction in pediatric HBV infections; we found no evidence to support a change in vaccine recommendations but identified potential health consequences. 32:T8b8,Childhood vaccination rates have declined in many US states, contributing to outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases and raising concerns about policy effectiveness amid growing vaccine hesitancy. To evaluate the association between state repeal of nonmedical vaccine exemptions and kindergarten vaccination rates. This cross-sectional study used annual state-level kindergarten vaccination and exemption data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for school years 2011 through 2023. A staggered difference-in-differences design compared states that repealed nonmedical exemptions with states that maintained such policies. The study included kindergarten students in US public and private schools across 37 to 43 states, depending on the outcome measure. Total repeal of nonmedical vaccine exemptions in California (2015), New York (2019), Maine (2019), and Connecticut (2021). Partial repeal in Vermont (2015) and Washington (2019) was analyzed separately. State-level kindergarten vaccination rates for diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP), hepatitis B, measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), and poliovirus (polio) vaccines; rates of medical and nonmedical exemptions. Among 4 states with total repeal affecting approximately 2.8 million kindergarten students, repeal of nonmedical exemptions reduced overall exemption rates by 3.2 (95% CI, 1.9-4.4) percentage points within 3 years. Compared with nonrepeal states, vaccination rates rose by 4.1 (95% CI, 3.3-4.9) percentage points for DTaP, 2.8 (95% CI, 2.1-3.5) percentage points for hepatitis B, 4.0 (95% CI, 3.1-4.9) percentage points for MMR, and 3.8 (95% CI, 2.9-4.6) percentage points for polio. Minimal substitution toward medical exemptions occurred, an increase of only 0.4 (95% CI, 0.04-0.7) percentage points. Partial repeal of nonmedical exemptions demonstrated smaller, less persistent increases in vaccination rates. State repeal of nonmedical vaccine exemptions was associated with increased kindergarten vaccination rates with minimal substitution toward medical exemptions. These findings suggest that nonmedical exemption repeal played a role in maintaining vaccination coverage in repeal states during a period of heightened vaccine hesitancy.33:Td8c, Importance Childhood vaccination rates have declined in many US states, contributing to outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases and raising concerns about policy effectiveness amid growing vaccine hesitancy. Objective To evaluate the association between state repeal of nonmedical vaccine exemptions and kindergarten vaccination rates. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used annual state-level kindergarten vaccination and exemption data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for school years 2011 through 2023. A staggered difference-in-differences design compared states that repealed nonmedical exemptions with states that maintained such policies. The study included kindergarten students in US public and private schools across 37 to 43 states, depending on the outcome measure. Exposures Total repeal of nonmedical vaccine exemptions in California (2015), New York (2019), Maine (2019), and Connecticut (2021). Partial repeal in Vermont (2015) and Washington (2019) was analyzed separately. Main Outcomes and Measures State-level kindergarten vaccination rates for diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP), hepatitis B, measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), and poliovirus (polio) vaccines; rates of medical and nonmedical exemptions. Results Among 4 states with total repeal affecting approximately 2.8 million kindergarten students, repeal of nonmedical exemptions reduced overall exemption rates by 3.2 (95% CI, 1.9-4.4) percentage points within 3 years. Compared with nonrepeal states, vaccination rates rose by 4.1 (95% CI, 3.3-4.9) percentage points for DTaP, 2.8 (95% CI, 2.1-3.5) percentage points for hepatitis B, 4.0 (95% CI, 3.1-4.9) percentage points for MMR, and 3.8 (95% CI, 2.9-4.6) percentage points for polio. Minimal substitution toward medical exemptions occurred, an increase of only 0.4 (95% CI, 0.04-0.7) percentage points. Partial repeal of nonmedical exemptions demonstrated smaller, less persistent increases in vaccination rates. Conclusions and Relevance State repeal of nonmedical vaccine exemptions was associated with increased kindergarten vaccination rates with minimal substitution toward medical exemptions. These findings suggest that nonmedical exemption repeal played a role in maintaining vaccination coverage in repeal states during a period of heightened vaccine hesitancy. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Hepatitis B: condition Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Hepatitis B (condition). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. 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Routine prophylactic antiviral coverage for HBV may not be necessary in this specific context, though HIV co-infection was not studied."}},{"doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","pmid":"42613687","title":"Hepatology: Emerging Paradigms in MASLD, Viral Hepatitis, Cholestatic Liver Disease, Portal Hypertension and Hepatocellular Carcinoma","journal_title":"Liver International","journal_issn":"1478-3223","published_at":"2026-08-18T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13486623/","source_score":16,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-26T06:20:03.789Z","updated_at":"2026-08-26T06:20:03.789Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"brand","value":"Rezdiffra","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"category","value":"Gastroenterology & Hepatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"condition","value":"Cirrhosis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis B","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis D","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"condition","value":"Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"condition","value":"Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"condition","value":"Portal Hypertension","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"condition","value":"Primary Biliary Cholangitis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"condition","value":"Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"generic","value":"bulevirtide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"generic","value":"resmetirom","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"generic","value":"semaglutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"7","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"modality","value":"Entry Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"modality","value":"FGF21 Analog","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"modality","value":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"modality","value":"Immunotherapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"modality","value":"Incretin-Based Dual/Triple Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"modality","value":"Pan-PPAR Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"modality","value":"RNA Silencing Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"modality","value":"Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Narrative Review / Conference Summary","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size tag omitted as no study-level N is reported.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sex of populations studied is not reported in the abstract.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design label 'Narrative Review / Conference Summary' is an approximation; the article blends review, expert opinion, and guideline highlights without a formal systematic methodology.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/liv.70806","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a conference proceedings summary, not a primary study — no original patient-level data or statistical outcomes are reported. Level of evidence reflects expert consensus/narrative review only.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A narrative review of emerging paradigms across major chronic liver diseases — MASLD/MASH, viral hepatitis (HBV/HDV), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), portal hypertension, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) — presented at the Paris International Liver Meeting (January 2026).","key_result":"Resmetirom and semaglutide are now approved for MASH with F2–F3 fibrosis; bulevirtide and novel HBsAg-targeting/RNA-silencing agents are advancing HDV toward functional cure; immunotherapy combinations are achieving unprecedented long-term survival in selected HCC patients; and non-invasive tests have expanded roles in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring across all chronic liver diseases.","limitations":"Conference summary with no original primary data; conclusions reflect expert opinion and curated trial highlights rather than a systematic review or meta-analysis. Treatment gaps noted (fewer than half of eligible PBC patients receive second-line therapy) but not quantified with outcome data.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians managing MASH with F2–F3 fibrosis now have approved disease-modifying options (resmetirom, semaglutide) and should consider non-invasive tests for staging, treatment selection, and monitoring rather than defaulting to biopsy. For HBV and HDV, simplified fibrosis- and viral load–based algorithms with validated biomarkers can guide treatment initiation and safe discontinuation."}},{"doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00221-9","pmid":"42508446","title":"Launch of the Africa CDC toolkit for hepatitis B: bringing care closer to people in Africa","journal_title":"The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology","journal_issn":"2468-1253","published_at":"2026-07-27T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00221-9","source_score":8,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-31T13:36:59.098Z","updated_at":"2026-07-31T13:36:59.098Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00221-9","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00221-9","tag_type":"category","value":"Gastroenterology & Hepatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00221-9","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis B","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00221-9","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00221-9","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"7","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00221-9","tag_type":"modality","value":"Public Health Intervention","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00221-9","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Commentary / Policy Report","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00221-9","tag_type":"warning","value":"The 'practice_changing' impact flag is applied in the context of public health policy significance, not clinical trial evidence.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00221-9","tag_type":"warning","value":"This paper appears to be a commentary or policy launch announcement rather than an original research study — no primary data, sample sizes, or clinical outcomes are reported. Tags and summaries reflect this limitation.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"The Africa CDC hepatitis B toolkit — a set of resources aimed at improving hepatitis B prevention, diagnosis, and care delivery across African countries.","key_result":"The toolkit was formally launched to support decentralization of hepatitis B care and bring services closer to affected populations in Africa; no specific trial outcomes or numerical results are reported.","limitations":"This appears to be a policy/launch commentary rather than an interventional or observational study, so no efficacy data, control group, or outcome metrics are provided.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians and public health practitioners in Africa should be aware of the new Africa CDC hepatitis B toolkit as a practical resource for scaling up decentralized HBV care. Engaging with toolkit materials may help standardize local diagnosis and management practices."}},{"doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","pmid":"42508445","title":"WHO global hepatitis report 2026: guiding global action for elimination","journal_title":"The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology","journal_issn":"2468-1253","published_at":"2026-07-27T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","source_score":8,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-31T13:36:58.790Z","updated_at":"2026-07-31T13:36:58.790Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","tag_type":"category","value":"Gastroenterology & Hepatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis B","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis C","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","tag_type":"condition","value":"Viral Hepatitis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"7","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","tag_type":"modality","value":"Antiviral Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","tag_type":"modality","value":"Vaccination","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Global Health Report / Surveillance","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","tag_type":"warning","value":"Level of evidence set to 7 (expert opinion / narrative report) given the nature of a WHO global report.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design tag 'Global Health Report / Surveillance' is non-standard; this document is a WHO policy/epidemiological report, not a clinical trial or observational study.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00220-7","tag_type":"warning","value":"The source text provides only the paper title, DOI, journal, and publication date — no abstract or full text was supplied. All structured content is inferred from the title and known context of WHO hepatitis elimination reports. Specific statistics, country data, and outcome numbers are not verifiable from the provided text.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"The WHO Global Hepatitis Report 2026 evaluates the current state of viral hepatitis elimination progress worldwide, assessing coverage of prevention, testing, and treatment interventions against WHO 2030 targets.","key_result":"The report provides updated global epidemiological data and tracks country-level progress toward hepatitis B and C elimination targets, identifying gaps in testing, treatment, and vaccination coverage that must be closed by 2030.","limitations":"The report is a global policy and surveillance document rather than a primary research study; country-level data quality and completeness vary significantly, which may affect the reliability of global estimates.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians and health systems should use this report's benchmarks to identify local gaps in hepatitis B vaccination, HBV/HCV testing, and treatment scale-up. Prioritizing linkage to care for diagnosed but untreated patients remains critical to meeting 2030 elimination goals."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2026.05.015","pmid":"42285819","title":"Retraction notice to “Safe use of liver grafts from hepatitis B surface antigen positive donors in liver transplantation” [J Hepatol 61 (2014) 809–815]","journal_title":"Journal of Hepatology","journal_issn":"0168-8278","published_at":"2026-06-13T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2026.05.015","source_score":7,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-22T13:24:01.913Z","updated_at":"2026-06-22T13:24:01.913Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2026.05.015","tag_type":"category","value":"Gastroenterology & Hepatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2026.05.015","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis B","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2026.05.015","tag_type":"condition","value":"Liver Transplantation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2026.05.015","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"safety_signal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2026.05.015","tag_type":"modality","value":"Organ Transplantation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2026.05.015","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retraction Notice","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2026.05.015","tag_type":"warning","value":"The DOI year (2026) appears consistent with today's date, but the retracted article's original publication was 2014 — clinicians should verify that any citations to the original work are removed from practice guidelines or institutional protocols.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2026.05.015","tag_type":"warning","value":"The reason for retraction is not stated in the provided text, which is a clinically important detail that could indicate data fabrication, ethical violations, or other serious concerns.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jhep.2026.05.015","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a retraction notice, not an original research article — no study data, sample size, or outcomes are available to extract.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This is a retraction notice for a 2014 study published in the Journal of Hepatology that evaluated the safety of using liver grafts from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive donors in liver transplantation.","key_result":"The original article (J Hepatol 61 (2014) 809–815) has been formally retracted. No findings from the original study should be considered reliable.","limitations":"The retraction notice does not specify the reason for retraction (e.g., data integrity, ethical concerns, or other issues), which limits the ability to assess the scope of the problem.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians should not rely on the findings of this retracted study when making decisions about the use of HBsAg-positive donor livers in transplantation. Guidance should be sought from current, non-retracted evidence and institutional protocols."}},{"doi":"10.1071/sh25250","pmid":"42219251","title":"Self-reported vaccine uptake across six infectious diseases among gay, bisexual, transgender, and non-binary individuals in Australia: findings from a 2024 national survey","journal_title":"Sexual Health","journal_issn":"1448-5028","published_at":"2026-06-01T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sh25250","source_score":1,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-08T13:46:37.924Z","updated_at":"2026-06-08T13:46:37.924Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"category","value":"Infectious Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"condition","value":"COVID-19","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis A","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis B","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"condition","value":"Human Papillomavirus Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"condition","value":"Influenza","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"condition","value":"Meningococcal Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"condition","value":"Mpox","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"condition","value":"Vaccine-Preventable Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"generic","value":"COVID-19 vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"generic","value":"hepatitis A vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"generic","value":"hepatitis B vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"generic","value":"HPV vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"generic","value":"influenza vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"generic","value":"meningococcal vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"generic","value":"mpox vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"4","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"modality","value":"Vaccination","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=2095","value_numeric":2095},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Cross-Sectional Survey","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"warning","value":"Hepatitis A and B uptake were reported as a combined figure (80.6%), so individual vaccine rates cannot be distinguished.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"warning","value":"The abstract does not describe the recruitment method (e.g., online panel, community outreach), making it difficult to assess selection bias fully.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1071/sh25250","tag_type":"warning","value":"Trans and gender diverse participants comprised only ~5.3% of the sample; subgroup findings for this population should be interpreted cautiously.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Self-reported uptake of six vaccines (COVID-19, influenza, hepatitis A/B, HPV, meningococcal disease, mpox) among 2,095 GBMSM and trans/gender diverse people in Australia, surveyed July–November 2024, stratified by age, HIV status, PrEP use, gender, education, Medicare status, region of birth, and jurisdiction.","key_result":"COVID-19 had the highest uptake (97.5%), followed by hepatitis A/B (80.6%), influenza (72.8%), mpox (64.0%), HPV (35.9%), and meningococcal disease (30.3%). HIV-negative individuals not on PrEP had consistently lower uptake; higher education and holding a Medicare card were linked to greater uptake across vaccines.","limitations":"Self-reported vaccination status is subject to recall bias and may overestimate true uptake. The sample was 94.7% cisgender men, limiting generalisability to trans and gender diverse people. Recruitment method not detailed in the abstract, raising possible self-selection bias.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians seeing GBMSM not on PrEP or without a Medicare card should proactively screen and offer HPV and meningococcal vaccines, which had the lowest uptake. Integrating vaccination into routine sexual health care visits may help close these gaps."}},{"doi":"10.1056/nejme2605575","pmid":"42206569","title":"A Major Step toward a Cure for Hepatitis B Infection","journal_title":"New England Journal of Medicine","journal_issn":"0028-4793","published_at":"2026-05-28T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/nejme2605575","source_score":715,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-29T13:23:17.455Z","updated_at":"2026-05-29T13:23:17.455Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1056/nejme2605575","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1056/nejme2605575","tag_type":"category","value":"Medicine, General & Internal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1056/nejme2605575","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis B","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1056/nejme2605575","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"7","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1056/nejme2605575","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Editorial","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1056/nejme2605575","tag_type":"warning","value":"Age group inferred as 'adult' based on typical chronic HBV population; not confirmed from source text.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1056/nejme2605575","tag_type":"warning","value":"Only the paper metadata (title, DOI, journal, date) was provided — no abstract or full text was available. Summaries, tags, and takeaways cannot be populated with specific findings, numbers, or populations. The structured output reflects only what can be inferred from the title and journal context.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1056/nejme2605575","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design tagged as 'Editorial' based on the NEJM editorial DOI prefix (nejme); this should be confirmed against the full text.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This editorial commentary evaluates progress toward a functional cure for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, likely discussing emerging therapeutic strategies and clinical trial results."}},{"doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","pmid":"42135055","title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma attributable to hepatitis B, hepatitis C and other risk factors at global, regional and national levels: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","journal_title":"Gut","journal_issn":"0017-5749","published_at":"2026-05-14T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","source_score":13,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-22T13:22:27.210Z","updated_at":"2026-05-22T13:22:27.210Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"category","value":"Gastroenterology & Hepatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"condition","value":"Alcohol-Related Liver Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis B","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis C","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"condition","value":"Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"1","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"modality","value":"Antiviral Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"modality","value":"Vaccination","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=857","value_numeric":857},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"warning","value":"'Practice-changing' impact flag applied because this is the most comprehensive updated global estimate to date, directly informing WHO hepatitis elimination targets.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size tag reflects number of eligible publications (n=857), not individual patients — total patient count is not reported in the abstract.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337838","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study period ends December 2023; HCC incidence figures are projected to 2022 using external incidence data and may not reflect the most recent epidemiological trends.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Systematic review and meta-analysis estimating the fraction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) attributable to HBV, HCV, alcohol, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) by country, region, and globally, using studies published between October 2014 and December 2023 with ≥20 HCC patients reporting both HBV and HCV prevalence.","key_result":"Globally, HBV and HCV together account for ~73% of HCC burden: HBV attributable fraction (AF) = 52% (~345,434 cases in 2022); HCV AF = 21% (~134,418 cases in 2022). HBV AF peaked in Eastern Asia (70%) and was lowest in Northern Europe (6%); HCV AF was highest in Northern Africa (77%). Alcohol and/or MASLD contributed >30% of HCC in parts of Europe and South America.","limitations":"Pooled estimates rely on prevalence data from HCC case series, which may not be nationally representative. Study quality and case ascertainment methods varied across 81 countries. Data from some regions may be sparse, limiting precision of regional estimates.","practice_takeaway":"HBV vaccination and antiviral therapy targeting HBV remain the highest-yield global interventions, especially in Eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, while HCV treatment scale-up is most urgent in Northern Africa and Egypt. Clinicians in Europe and South America should also screen for alcohol use and MASLD as major competing HCC risk factors."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2026.0280","pmid":"42126835","title":"Cobblestoning Monomorphic Papules of the Lower Extremities","journal_title":"JAMA Dermatology","journal_issn":"2168-6068","published_at":"2026-05-13T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2026.0280","source_score":5,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-20T13:23:20.121Z","updated_at":"2026-05-20T13:23:20.121Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2026.0280","tag_type":"age_group","value":"older_adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2026.0280","tag_type":"category","value":"Dermatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2026.0280","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis B","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2026.0280","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pruritic Papular Eruption","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2026.0280","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2026.0280","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"5","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2026.0280","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=1","value_numeric":1},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2026.0280","tag_type":"sex","value":"male","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2026.0280","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Case Report","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2026.0280","tag_type":"warning","value":"Condition tags reflect the clinical presentation described, not a confirmed final diagnosis.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2026.0280","tag_type":"warning","value":"No treatment, outcomes, or histopathology data are available from the abstract.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2026.0280","tag_type":"warning","value":"The abstract does not reveal the final diagnosis — the paper appears to be a 'What is your diagnosis?' challenge format; the specific condition cannot be confirmed from the abstract alone.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A 62-year-old Vietnamese man with hepatitis B presenting with a chronic, generalized pruritic rash involving the back, trunk, and upper and lower extremities, featuring cobblestoning monomorphic papules on the lower extremities.","limitations":"Single case report with no comparator, follow-up data, or treatment outcomes reported in the abstract.","practice_takeaway":"In patients with chronic pruritic papules in a cobblestone pattern on the lower extremities — especially those with a history of hepatitis B — consider this diagnosis in your differential. Full clinical and histopathologic correlation is essential."}},{"doi":"10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","pmid":"42118989","title":"Diabetes, male sex, low levels of HBsAg, HDV RNA and ALT predict spontaneous HDV suppression in chronic hepatitis D","journal_title":"Hepatology","journal_issn":"0270-9139","published_at":"2026-05-12T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","source_score":7,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-15T13:23:14.630Z","updated_at":"2026-05-15T13:23:14.630Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","tag_type":"category","value":"Gastroenterology & Hepatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","tag_type":"condition","value":"Chronic Hepatitis D","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis B","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","tag_type":"modality","value":"Antiviral Therapy (Emerging Anti-HDV)","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=1610","value_numeric":1610},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Prospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","tag_type":"warning","value":"The full text content retrieved appears to be an unrelated GI society statement on racism/social justice and does not correspond to the study described in the abstract. Structured data was extracted solely from the abstract and results sections.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","tag_type":"warning","value":"The mechanism linking diabetes to spontaneous HDV suppression is biologically unexplained and should be interpreted cautiously.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/hep.0000000000001786","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study is single-center (Mongolia), which may reflect a specific HDV genotype distribution not representative of global CHD populations.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This cohort study evaluated the incidence and predictors of spontaneous HDV RNA suppression in 1,610 treatment-naive adults with chronic hepatitis D (CHD) attending a liver center in Mongolia, followed over a median of 3.9 years (IQR 2.1–5.9 years, 2015–2025).","key_result":"Spontaneous HDV suppression occurred in 136 patients (8.4%), with cumulative incidences of 7.8% at 5 years and 23.3% at 8 years. Independent predictors were diabetes (aHR 2.13) and male sex (aHR 1.61), while higher baseline HBsAg (aHR 0.42), HDV RNA (aHR 0.74), and ALT (aHR 0.35) were negatively associated. Patients achieving suppression had significantly fewer liver-related events (p=0.03).","limitations":"- Single-center cohort from Mongolia limits generalizability to other geographic populations and genotypes.\n- Retrospective categorization by last HDV RNA result may miss transient suppression events.\n- The mechanism linking diabetes to HDV suppression is not explained.","practice_takeaway":"In treatment-naive CHD patients, spontaneous HDV suppression is uncommon (~8% over ~4 years) but associated with better outcomes. Patients with low baseline HBsAg, HDV RNA, and ALT—plus male sex or diabetes—may warrant watchful waiting before initiating emerging anti-HDV therapies."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","pmid":"42081318","title":"Hepatitis B","journal_title":"JAMA","journal_issn":"0098-7484","published_at":"2026-05-04T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2026.6070","source_score":151,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-10T14:23:40.178Z","updated_at":"2026-06-10T14:23:40.178Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"category","value":"Medicine, General & Internal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"condition","value":"Chronic Hepatitis B Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis B","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"condition","value":"Liver Cirrhosis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"generic","value":"entecavir","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"generic","value":"hepatitis B immune globulin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"generic","value":"pegylated interferon alfa","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"generic","value":"tenofovir","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"7","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"modality","value":"Antiviral Agent","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"modality","value":"Immune Globulin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"modality","value":"Interferon","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"modality","value":"Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogue","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"modality","value":"Vaccination","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Narrative Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"warning","value":"Brand names for entecavir (Baraclude) and tenofovir formulations (Viread, Vemlidy) are not mentioned in the source text and were therefore not tagged.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size tag was omitted as no single study population is defined; the epidemiological figures (254 million affected, 1.1 million deaths) are global estimates.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6070","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a clinical overview/review article, not a primary study — no original trial data are reported. Level of evidence reflects the review design, not the underlying trials cited within it.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This JAMA review covers the global epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, natural history, and management of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, including prevention strategies (vaccination, immune globulin, antiviral therapy in pregnancy) and treatment of chronic HBV infection.","key_result":"HBV affects ~254 million people and causes ~1.1 million deaths/year. Birth-dose vaccination plus hepatitis B immune globulin prevents ~94% of perinatal infections; adding antiviral therapy in high-viral-load pregnant women reduces transmission to <1%. Antiviral therapy (entecavir or tenofovir) reduces HCC risk by ~50%. Risk of chronicity is 90% if infected in infancy vs. ≤5% in immunocompetent adults.","limitations":"This is a narrative review/clinical overview; no original trial data or systematic meta-analysis is presented. Global birth-dose vaccine coverage remains only 45% (2024), limiting real-world impact of the stated prevention efficacy.","practice_takeaway":"Ensure all newborns receive HBV vaccine plus immune globulin within 12–24 hours of birth, and offer antiviral therapy to HBsAg-positive pregnant women with high HBV DNA to cut perinatal transmission to <1%. Treat all chronic HBV patients with cirrhosis and those without cirrhosis who have high HBV DNA plus elevated ALT or significant fibrosis; conduct HCC surveillance (ultrasound + AFP every 6 months) in high-risk patients."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1259","pmid":"42043832","title":"The Impact of Changing Hepatitis B Recommendations in the US","journal_title":"JAMA Pediatrics","journal_issn":"2168-6203","published_at":"2026-04-27T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1259","source_score":68,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-04-30","doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1259","days":"14","issn":"2168-6203","rank":"10","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"68","category":"Pediatrics","categories":["Pediatrics"],"_categories":["Pediatrics"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1259","title":"The Impact of Changing Hepatitis B Recommendations in the US.","journal":"JAMA pediatrics","methods":"","results":"","abstract":"","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"42043832","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2026-04-27T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1259","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1259","ISSN":["2168-6203"],"link":[{"URL":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/articlepdf/2848170/jamapediatrics_lee_2026_ed_260011_1776701333.9039.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["The Impact of Changing Hepatitis B Recommendations in the US"],"author":[{"given":"Grace M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"member":"10","prefix":"10.1001","source":"Crossref","volume":null,"created":{"date-time":"2026-04-27T15:30:30Z","timestamp":1777303830000,"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2026-04-27T16:01:13Z","timestamp":1777305673812,"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"subject":[],"abstract":null,"language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2848170"}},"subtitle":[],"deposited":{"date-time":"2026-04-27T15:30:35Z","timestamp":1777303835000,"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2168-6203"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","reference":[{"DOI":"10.15585/mmwr.rr6701a1","key":"ped260011r2","year":"2018","issue":"1","author":"Schillie","volume":"67","first-page":"1","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1177/00333549231175548","key":"ped260011r3","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"Bixler","volume":"333549231175548","first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":"Progress and Unfinished Business: Hepatitis B in the United States, 1980-2019.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"ped260011r5","year":null,"issue":null,"author":"Hall","volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":"Economic evaluation of delaying the infant hepatitis B vaccination schedule.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":null,"key":"ped260011r6","year":null,"issue":null,"author":"Lind","volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":"Impact of removing the universal hepatitis B birth-dose vaccination in the US.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1001/jama.2026.0866","key":"ped260011r7","year":"2026","issue":null,"author":"Rothman","volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":"US newborn hepatitis B virus vaccination rates.","journal-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.amepre.2023.01.041","key":"ped260011r8","year":"2023","issue":"1","author":"Pham","volume":"65","first-page":"52","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Gaps in prenatal hepatitis B screening and management of HBsAg positive pregnant persons in the US, 2015-2020.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.15585/mmwr.mm6745a4","key":"ped260011r10","year":"2018","issue":"45","author":"Lee","volume":"67","first-page":"1271","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Updated framework for development of evidence-based recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"ped260011r1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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All structured content fields requiring specific study data (key results, limitations, practice takeaway, sample size, study design, sex, level of evidence) cannot be reliably extracted and have been omitted or left minimal to avoid speculation.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1259","tag_type":"warning","value":"The paper was published on 2026-04-27, just 10 days before today's date. Full text may not yet be widely accessible.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This paper evaluates the impact of changing hepatitis B vaccination recommendations in the United States, likely examining policy shifts and their downstream effects on vaccination rates, disease burden, or public health outcomes."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","pmid":"42043804","title":"Economic Impact of Delaying the Infant Hepatitis B Vaccination Schedule","journal_title":"JAMA Pediatrics","journal_issn":"2168-6203","published_at":"2026-04-27T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13122498/","source_score":283,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-07T22:49:19.050Z","updated_at":"2026-05-07T22:49:19.050Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"age_group","value":"infant","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"age_group","value":"pediatric","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"brand","value":"HepB","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"category","value":"Pediatrics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis B","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"generic","value":"hepatitis B vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"4","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"modality","value":"Vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=3,628,934","value_numeric":3628934},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Economic Modeling Study (Markov Model)","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"warning","value":"Level of evidence assigned as 4 (modeling/economic study); some hierarchies may classify decision-analytic models differently.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"warning","value":"The 12-year delay scenario shows fewer deaths than the 2-month delay scenario (50 vs. 29)—this counterintuitive finding likely reflects model dynamics (e.g., reduced community transmission window at older ages) and is reported as stated in the source text.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1221","tag_type":"warning","value":"The 'brand' tag for 'HepB' reflects the vaccine category abbreviation used in the paper; no specific proprietary brand name (e.g., Engerix-B, Recombivax HB) was identified in the abstract.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A Markov model evaluated the health and economic impact of delaying the first hepatitis B (HepB) vaccine dose—across 8 scenarios ranging from 2 months to 12 years—among a 2025 US birth cohort of ~3.6 million infants, compared to birth-dose administration, with scenarios stratified by parental HBsAg status and adherence level.","key_result":"Every delayed vaccination scenario increased infections, deaths, and costs vs. birth-dose vaccination. A 2-month delay for infants of HBsAg-negative parents (perfect adherence) added 90 acute infections, 76 chronic infections, 29 deaths, and $16.4 million in costs per birth year; a 12-year delay added 190 acute infections, 50 deaths, and ~$30 million in costs. Including parents with unknown HBsAg status or modeling imperfect adherence worsened all outcomes further.","limitations":"The model assumes perfect or simplified imperfect adherence rather than empirically observed real-world vaccination uptake patterns; findings are based on modeled estimates rather than observed clinical data; results depend heavily on input assumptions about HBsAg prevalence and transmission rates.","practice_takeaway":"Even a 2-month delay in the birth-dose HepB vaccine adds meaningful infections, deaths, and costs—clinicians should continue offering HepB vaccination at birth regardless of parental HBsAg status. 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Total repeal occurred in California (2015), New York (2019), Maine (2019), and Connecticut (2021); partial repeal in Vermont (2015) and Washington (2019).","key_result":"Across four total-repeal states (~2.8 million kindergarteners), overall exemptions fell by 3.2 percentage points within 3 years (95% CI, 1.9–4.4). Versus nonrepeal states, vaccination rose: DTaP +4.1 (95% CI, 3.3–4.9), hepatitis B +2.8 (95% CI, 2.1–3.5), MMR +4.0 (95% CI, 3.1–4.9), and polio +3.8 (95% CI, 2.9–4.6); medical exemptions increased only 0.4 points (95% CI, 0.04–0.7). Partial repeals showed smaller, less durable gains.","practice_takeaway":"Repealing nonmedical vaccine exemptions was associated with higher kindergarten vaccination coverage and minimal substitution to medical exemptions. During a period of heightened vaccine hesitancy, repeal appeared to help maintain coverage in repeal states."}}],"initialOffset":16,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatitis B"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Conditions","href":"/hub/tag/condition"},{"name":"Hepatitis B"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"condition","hub_tag_value":"Hepatitis B"}}}]]

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