2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T5f5,Assess whether drinking freshly squeezed lemons in water (lemon water) influences serum urate (SU) levels, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and urine pH levels in gout patients and individuals with hyperuricemia. In this cohort study, we retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients who presented to two outpatient Polish rheumatology clinics. Patients who consumed the juice of two squeezed lemons mixed with 2 L of water each day, according to a general recommendation made by clinic providers, were included in this analysis. We collected all relevant medical and medication histories from each patient. SU levels, GFR, and urine pH were extracted from the medical record. The study included 90 patients who reported consumption of lemon juice. The mean age was 49.2 years, and 69% were men. The patients were categorized into three groups: Group A consisted of gout patients, Group B included individuals with hyperuricemia but without gout, and Group C served as a control group with diagnoses other than gout. After six weeks, SU levels decreased from baseline in Group A compared to Group B (p = 0.03) and in Group B compared to Group C (p = 0.003), and there was an increase in GFR when comparing Group A to Group B (p = 0.03) and Group A to Group C (p = 0.0007). After 6 weeks of drinking lemon water, a statistically significant reduction in SU level and improved GFR was observed. Lemon water may serve as a beneficial adjunct therapy for individuals with gout and hyperuricemia.31:T9bb,ABSTRACT Aim Assess whether drinking freshly squeezed lemons in water (lemon water) influences serum urate (SU) levels, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and urine pH levels in gout patients and individuals with hyperuricemia. Methods In this cohort study, we retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients who presented to two outpatient Polish rheumatology clinics. Patients who consumed the juice of two squeezed lemons mixed with 2 L of water each day, according to a general recommendation made by clinic providers, were included in this analysis. We collected all relevant medical and medication histories from each patient. SU levels, GFR, and urine pH were extracted from the medical record. Results The study included 90 patients who reported consumption of lemon juice. The mean age was 49.2 years, and 69% were men. The patients were categorized into three groups: Group A consisted of gout patients, Group B included individuals with hyperuricemia but without gout, and Group C served as a control group with diagnoses other than gout. After six weeks, SU levels decreased from baseline in Group A compared to Group B ( p = 0.03) and in Group B compared to Group C ( p = 0.003), and there was an increase in GFR when comparing Group A to Group B ( p = 0.03) and Group A to Group C ( p = 0.0007). Conclusions After 6 weeks of drinking lemon water, a statistically significant reduction in SU level and improved GFR was observed. Lemon water may serve as a beneficial adjunct therapy for individuals with gout and hyperuricemia. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Hyperuricemia: condition Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Hyperuricemia (condition). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. 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Early ULT initiation was strongly associated with good control (OR 0.28 [95% CI 0.25–0.31] for delayed initiation), and good adherence was associated with improved control (OR 1.73 [95% CI 1.68–1.77]). A median delay of just ~44 days in ULT start separated good-control from suboptimal-control groups, yet corresponded to a >3-fold difference in achieving target SU. Overall, 37.3% never received ULT, and allopurinol was first-line in 96.1% of treated patients.","limitations":"- No data on gout flares, quality of life, diuretic use, or other drugs that influence SU levels, limiting full confounding adjustment.\n- Ethnicity data absent due to Spanish legal restrictions, limiting generalizability across ethnic groups.\n- Retrospective electronic medical record design carries risk of gout misclassification (though prior validation exists) and cannot capture nuances of individual clinical decisions.","practice_takeaway":"Start urate-lowering therapy early — even a few weeks' delay is linked to markedly worse long-term SU control — and prioritize dose optimization and adherence support, as fewer than 1 in 8 gout patients in primary care currently reach the <6 mg/dL target. Consider initiating ULT during an acute flare, since recent evidence shows this does not worsen flare severity."}},{"doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag238","pmid":"42050210","title":"Walking for gout prevention: what are potential mechanisms and practical applications?","journal_title":"Rheumatology","journal_issn":"1462-0324","published_at":"2026-04-28T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keag238","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-08T13:23:52.571Z","updated_at":"2026-05-08T13:23:52.571Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag238","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag238","tag_type":"category","value":"Rheumatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag238","tag_type":"condition","value":"Gout","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag238","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hyperuricemia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag238","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag238","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"5","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag238","tag_type":"modality","value":"Exercise / Physical Activity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag238","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Narrative Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag238","tag_type":"warning","value":"Full paper text was not provided; summary is based on title, DOI, and journal metadata only. Specific mechanisms, populations studied, and any data presented in the paper could not be verified.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag238","tag_type":"warning","value":"No sample size tag applied as this appears to be a review/opinion piece without an original study population.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag238","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design classified as 'Narrative Review' based on context, but this cannot be confirmed without access to full text.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This paper examines the potential mechanisms by which walking may prevent gout and explores practical applications of walking as a gout prevention strategy.","key_result":"No specific quantitative outcomes are reported; the paper proposes mechanistic pathways (e.g., effects on uric acid metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation) and practical recommendations linking walking to gout risk reduction.","limitations":"No original clinical trial data are presented; conclusions are based on proposed mechanisms rather than direct experimental evidence in gout patients.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians managing gout patients may consider recommending regular walking as a low-barrier, adjunctive lifestyle intervention alongside urate-lowering therapy. The proposed mechanisms suggest walking could help reduce serum urate and inflammatory burden, though direct evidence in gout populations remains limited."}},{"doi":"10.1002/art.70150","pmid":"41873804","title":"Identification of Novel Noncoding Genetic Variants of Serum Urate Using Whole‐Genome Sequencing in 7,339 Chinese Participants","journal_title":"Arthritis & Rheumatology","journal_issn":"2326-5191","published_at":"2026-04-22T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/art.70150","source_score":5,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-07T22:49:28.213Z","updated_at":"2026-05-07T22:49:28.213Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"category","value":"Rheumatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"condition","value":"Cardiometabolic Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"condition","value":"Gout","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hyperuricemia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"generic","value":"urate-lowering agents","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"modality","value":"Urate-Lowering Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=7,339","value_numeric":7339},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Genome-Wide Association Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"warning","value":"Functional significance of newly identified noncoding/promoter variants is inferred computationally (deep learning fine-mapping) and has not been experimentally validated.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"warning","value":"Level of evidence assigned as 3 (cross-sectional/observational genetic study); no interventional component is present.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"warning","value":"Male-specific loci (MAN1A2, CPE) were identified in subgroup analyses, which may be underpowered; the CPE locus is described only as a 'candidate' and should be interpreted cautiously.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70150","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study is observational and restricted to Han Chinese participants; findings may not generalize to other ancestries without replication.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A two-stage whole-genome sequencing (WGS) genome-wide scan evaluated the genetic architecture of serum urate (SU) — including low-frequency and rare variants — in 7,339 Han Chinese adults from the HOPE cohort, analyzing 9.1 million variants to clarify SU's role as a risk factor for gout and cardiometabolic disease.","key_result":"The study confirmed known SU loci, identified a novel replicable male-specific locus at MAN1A2 and a candidate low-frequency male-specific locus at CPE, detected rare missense/loss-of-function variant aggregates in SLC22A12, SLC2A9, and G6PC2 (validated in replication data or UK Biobank), and replicated novel rare promoter variant associations near HDC and SLC22A12; deep learning fine-mapping implicated HNF1A, RUNX1, and SRF as transcriptional regulators of SU-associated genes.","limitations":"Single-ancestry cohort (Han Chinese) limits direct generalizability to other ethnic groups; rare variant analyses may be underpowered despite the large sample; functional validation of noncoding and promoter variants remains in silico/computational rather than experimental.","practice_takeaway":"Novel East Asian-specific SU loci — including noncoding promoter regions near SLC22A12 and HDC — may inform future precision urate-lowering therapy targets, though clinical application awaits functional and therapeutic validation."}},{"doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","pmid":"41355048","title":"Lemon Water Reduces Serum Urate Levels in Gout Patients and Individuals With Hyperuricemia—A Pilot Study","journal_title":"International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases","journal_issn":"1756-1841","published_at":"2025-12-08T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185x.70488","source_score":26,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-01-08","doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","days":"30","issn":"1756-1841","rank":"4","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"26","category":"Rheumatology","categories":["Rheumatology"],"_categories":["Rheumatology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","title":"Lemon Water Reduces Serum Urate Levels in Gout Patients and Individuals With Hyperuricemia-A Pilot Study.","journal":"International journal of rheumatic diseases","methods":"","results":"The study included 90 patients who reported consumption of lemon juice. The mean age was 49.2 years, and 69% were men. The patients were categorized into three groups: Group A consisted of gout patients, Group B included individuals with hyperuricemia but without gout, and Group C served as a control group with diagnoses other than gout. After six weeks, SU levels decreased from baseline in Group A compared to Group B (p = 0.03) and in Group B compared to Group C (p = 0.003), and there was an increase in GFR when comparing Group A to Group B (p = 0.03) and Group A to Group C (p = 0.0007).","abstract":"$30","keywords":["gout","hyperuricemia","lemons","serum urate"],"pubmed_id":"41355048","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185x.70488","ISSN":["1756-1841","1756-185X"],"link":[{"URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1756-185x.70488","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":"12","score":1,"title":["Lemon Water Reduces Serum Urate Levels in Gout Patients and Individuals With Hyperuricemia—A Pilot Study"],"author":[{"given":"Biernat‐Kaluza","family":"Edyta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatological Clinic, FORM GL Warsaw Poland"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Brunetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey Piscataway New Jersey USA"}]},{"given":"Schlesinger","family":"Naomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"member":"311","prefix":"10.1111","source":"Crossref","volume":"28","archive":["Portico"],"created":{"date-time":"2025-12-08T05:09:48Z","timestamp":1765170588000,"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2025-12-29T05:55:06Z","timestamp":1766987706604,"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"license":[{"URL":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor","start":{"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000,"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"delay-in-days":6,"content-version":"vor"}],"subject":[],"abstract":"$31","language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1756-185x.70488"}},"subtitle":[],"assertion":[{"name":"received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"},"label":"Received","order":0,"value":"2025-05-16"},{"name":"accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"},"label":"Accepted","order":2,"value":"2025-10-30"},{"name":"published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"},"label":"Published","order":3,"value":"2025-12-07"}],"deposited":{"date-time":"2025-12-29T05:53:50Z","timestamp":1766987630000,"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1756-1841"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1756-185X"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"publisher":"Wiley","reference":[{"DOI":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.9501","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.2165/11592290-000000000-00000","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","year":"1996","issue":"4","author":"Müller M.","volume":"271","first-page":"1916","unstructured":null,"article-title":"On the Mechanism of Hyperacidification in Lemon. 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Journal of Rheumatic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"reference-count":18,"published-online":{"date-time":null,"timestamp":null,"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"references-count":18,"short-container-title":["Int J of Rheum Dis"],"is-referenced-by-count":0},"unpaywall":{"doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","is_oa":false,"title":"Lemon Water Reduces Serum Urate Levels in Gout Patients and Individuals With Hyperuricemia—A Pilot Study","updated":"2025-12-09T00:42:45+00:00","published_date":"2025-12-01","best_oa_location":null}},"created_at":"2026-01-08T08:12:02.165Z","updated_at":"2026-01-09T17:12:27.221Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","tag_type":"category","value":"Rheumatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","tag_type":"condition","value":"Gout","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hyperuricemia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","tag_type":"modality","value":"Dietary Intervention","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=90","value_numeric":90},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","tag_type":"warning","value":"All groups received lemon water; the ‘control’ group differed by diagnosis, not exposure.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","tag_type":"warning","value":"Only p-values are reported; absolute effect sizes and group-specific Ns are not provided.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/1756-185x.70488","tag_type":"warning","value":"Urine pH was collected but no results are shown in the provided text.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Retrospective cohort of 90 adults at two Polish rheumatology clinics who reported drinking the juice of two squeezed lemons mixed with 2 L of water daily; serum urate, GFR, and urine pH were assessed over 6 weeks across gout, hyperuricemia (no gout), and non-gout diagnostic groups.","key_result":"After 6 weeks, serum urate decreased more in gout vs hyperuricemia (p=0.03) and in hyperuricemia vs non-gout controls (p=0.003); GFR increased more in gout vs hyperuricemia (p=0.03) and vs controls (p=0.0007).","limitations":"Retrospective, nonrandomized design with all participants exposed to lemon water (no non-exposed control). Absolute changes and group sizes are not reported, and follow-up was only 6 weeks.","practice_takeaway":"In this pilot cohort, a 6‑week regimen of two lemons’ juice in 2 L water daily was associated with lower serum urate and higher GFR, especially in gout and hyperuricemia, but the evidence is preliminary and lacks effect sizes; consider as adjunctive only alongside standard care pending stronger trials."}}],"initialOffset":4,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"condition","value":"Hyperuricemia"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Conditions","href":"/hub/tag/condition"},{"name":"Hyperuricemia"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"condition","hub_tag_value":"Hyperuricemia"}}}]]

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