2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T45b,The recent surge in spillover events of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b to humans and mammals in North America has raised urgent pandemic concerns. Human H5N1 vaccines are unavailable in most countries. We synthesized data from ferret challenge trials to evaluate whether widely available seasonal influenza vaccines confer cross-protection against lethal H5N1 infection. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for ferret studies of lethal H5N1 challenge published up to 5 July 2025 (PROSPERO #CRD42024520346). Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to compare vaccine efficacy (VE) of seasonal influenza vaccines and H5N1 vaccines against H5N1-related mortality. Seroprotection was defined as a neutralizing antibody titre of ≥1:40. We identified 35 studies (157 trials). Seasonal influenza vaccines without N1 did not confer significant cross-protection (five trials; VE 14.8%, 95% CI -3.6 to 30.0). In contrast, VE was 73% for N1-containing seasonal influenza vaccines (19 trials; 95% CI 54-84) and 77% for H5N1 vaccines overall (133 trials; 95% CI 72-82) (31:T840,Respiratory viruses, such as influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2, cause severe infections of the respiratory system. Cohort studies and clinical observations indicate that patients with severe influenza A virus (IAV) infections are at an increased risk of developing an ischemic stroke event. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. To this end, we investigated the consequences of IAV infection on cerebral damage in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. We intranasally inoculated male C57BL6/N mice with the mouse-adapted IAV strain A/Puerto Rico 8/34 or PBS as a vehicle control. At 3, 7, and 10 days post-infection, mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by sacrifice 24 hours after reperfusion for subsequent analysis. The anticoagulant drug acetylsalicylic acid was administered as treatment 1 day before transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Our research demonstrated a time-dependent deterioration of cerebral ischemia after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, resulting in increased infarct volume and a worsened neurological outcome at the propagation and inflammation phases of infection. Our observations revealed an elevation in procoagulant activity and an increase in thrombosis within the microvasculature after infection and stroke. This effect was attributed to an infection-mediated inflammatory milieu and accelerated neutrophil response. Upon infection, the release of increased neutrophil extracellular traps by neutrophils had detrimental consequences for transient middle cerebral artery occlusion development. Administration of acetylsalicylic acid or control antiviral therapy prevented the IAV-induced exacerbation of stroke and reduced brain damage by reducing NETosis and coagulation. These findings suggest that IAV infections enhance the systemic propensity for NETosis and foster a procoagulant state, thereby increasing the risk of cerebral damage and thrombosis following stroke. Targeting a combination of neutrophils and coagulation molecules simultaneously represents a promising treatment approach for clinical stroke.32:Ta8d, BACKGROUND: Respiratory viruses, such as influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2, cause severe infections of the respiratory system. Cohort studies and clinical observations indicate that patients with severe influenza A virus (IAV) infections are at an increased risk of developing an ischemic stroke event. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. To this end, we investigated the consequences of IAV infection on cerebral damage in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. METHODS: We intranasally inoculated male C57BL6/N mice with the mouse-adapted IAV strain A/Puerto Rico 8/34 or PBS as a vehicle control. At 3, 7, and 10 days post-infection, mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by sacrifice 24 hours after reperfusion for subsequent analysis. The anticoagulant drug acetylsalicylic acid was administered as treatment 1 day before transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. RESULTS: Our research demonstrated a time-dependent deterioration of cerebral ischemia after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, resulting in increased infarct volume and a worsened neurological outcome at the propagation and inflammation phases of infection. Our observations revealed an elevation in procoagulant activity and an increase in thrombosis within the microvasculature after infection and stroke. This effect was attributed to an infection-mediated inflammatory milieu and accelerated neutrophil response. Upon infection, the release of increased neutrophil extracellular traps by neutrophils had detrimental consequences for transient middle cerebral artery occlusion development. Administration of acetylsalicylic acid or control antiviral therapy prevented the IAV-induced exacerbation of stroke and reduced brain damage by reducing NETosis and coagulation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that IAV infections enhance the systemic propensity for NETosis and foster a procoagulant state, thereby increasing the risk of cerebral damage and thrombosis following stroke. Targeting a combination of neutrophils and coagulation molecules simultaneously represents a promising treatment approach for clinical stroke. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Influenza A: condition Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Influenza A (condition). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. Updated daily.\",\"url\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition/Influenza%20A\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research Hub\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Conditions\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Influenza A\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition/Influenza%20A\"}]}}"}}]],["$","$L2f",null,{"title":"Influenza A: Research & Clinical Takeaways","description":"Discover peer-reviewed research on Influenza A with concise clinician summaries and next-step guidance.","papers":[{"doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","pmid":"42324577","title":"Serological and Molecular Surveillance of Influenza A Virus in Dogs and Cats in Central Chile","journal_title":"Zoonoses and Public Health","journal_issn":"1863-1959","published_at":"2026-06-21T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.70073","source_score":11,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-26T13:25:31.981Z","updated_at":"2026-06-26T13:25:31.981Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"category","value":"Infectious Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"condition","value":"Influenza A","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"condition","value":"Zoonotic Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"generic","value":"influenza A virus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"4","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"modality","value":"Molecular Diagnostics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"modality","value":"Serology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=411","value_numeric":411},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Cross-Sectional Surveillance Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"warning","value":"No viral genetic sequencing was performed, so subtypes detected by RT-qPCR are not fully characterized — zoonotic potential of circulating strains cannot be determined from this data alone.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size for cat serology was very small (n=20), making seroprevalence estimates in cats (50%) highly uncertain despite wide CIs reported. Findings in cats should be interpreted with caution.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study period (June–November 2020) overlaps with COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, which may have affected animal movement, human-animal contact patterns, and sampling logistics in ways not discussed by the authors.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/zph.70073","tag_type":"warning","value":"Total sample size of n=411 refers to combined oropharyngeal swab samples (342 dogs + 69 cats); serological sample sizes are smaller and different (173 dogs + 20 cats).","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This cross-sectional surveillance study evaluated molecular (RT-qPCR) and serological (NP-ELISA, hemagglutination inhibition) evidence of Influenza A virus (IAV) in dogs (n=342 swabs, n=173 sera) and cats (n=69 swabs, n=20 sera) from shelters and multi-pet households in central Chile, collected June–November 2020.","key_result":"Active IAV was detected in 3.2% of dogs (11/342) and 5.8% of cats (4/69) by RT-qPCR. Seropositivity was high: 55.5% of dogs (96/173) and 50.0% of cats (10/20). Among NP-ELISA-positive animals, 25.7% (26/101) had pdmH1N1 antibodies, with cats showing higher median titres (160) than dogs (20). No associations were found between seropositivity and age, sex, origin, or area.","limitations":"Sampling was limited to a single geographic region (central Chile) and a narrow 6-month window, limiting generalizability. No genetic characterization of circulating strains was performed, so zoonotic risk cannot be fully assessed. Serological sample sizes — especially for cats (n=20) — were small, widening confidence intervals.","practice_takeaway":"Companion animals in Chile show substantial IAV exposure, including to pandemic H1N1, and should be included in One Health surveillance programs. Clinicians treating pets with respiratory illness should consider IAV and apply appropriate zoonotic precautions, particularly in households with immunocompromised individuals."}},{"doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag294","pmid":"42097577","title":"Influenza A and B Viral Shedding in Adults Immunized With Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine","journal_title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","journal_issn":"1058-4838","published_at":"2026-06-16T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciag294","source_score":9,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-19T13:23:29.150Z","updated_at":"2026-06-19T13:23:29.150Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag294","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag294","tag_type":"category","value":"Infectious Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag294","tag_type":"condition","value":"Influenza A","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag294","tag_type":"condition","value":"Influenza B","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag294","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag294","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag294","tag_type":"modality","value":"Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag294","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=283","value_numeric":283},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag294","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag294","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Prospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag294","tag_type":"warning","value":"Clearance profile categories (rapid/moderate/slow) appear to be investigator-defined; their clinical thresholds have not been externally validated.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag294","tag_type":"warning","value":"The paper is published June 16, 2026 — just 3 days before today's date; it may not yet be indexed or widely available. Verify DOI resolution before clinical referencing.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag294","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study exclusively enrolled healthy adults; findings on shedding duration and burden should not be extrapolated to children or immunocompromised individuals without further evidence.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Viral shedding dynamics (detection rate, duration, burden, clearance kinetics) of influenza A and B following intranasal LAIV in 283 healthy adults across two influenza seasons (2023–2024 and 2024–2025), with analysis of host factors, vaccine formulation, and respiratory symptoms.","key_result":"Influenza A or B RNA was detected in 86.9% of participants on day 1 post-LAIV (co-detection in 52.7%); detection probability fell from 92% on day 1 to 9% by day 7. Influenza B shed longer (median 2.0 vs. 1.0 days; p<0.001) and at higher burden (4.2 vs. 4.0 log₁₀ copies/mL; p<0.001) than influenza A, and was over-represented in slower clearance profiles (p<0.001). Both shedding duration (p=0.01) and total viral burden (p<0.01) correlated with symptom burden.","limitations":"Only healthy adults were studied, limiting generalizability to immunocompromised or pediatric populations. Nasal swabs were collected at fixed time windows (days 1, 2–4, 5–7) rather than daily, which may imprecisely estimate shedding duration and clearance timing. The study does not assess transmission risk from vaccine-strain shedding.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians should counsel LAIV recipients that nasal shedding of vaccine-strain influenza is nearly universal in the first 24 hours but becomes rare by day 7, and that more pronounced symptoms likely reflect higher viral replication. Influenza B components replicate more extensively, which may be relevant when advising immunocompromised close contacts about timing of exposure."}},{"doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2654278","pmid":"41985094","title":"Cross-protection against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus from seasonal influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of ferret studies","journal_title":"Emerging Microbes & Infections","journal_issn":"2222-1751","published_at":"2026-04-15T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2026.2654278","source_score":47,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-04-19","doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2654278","days":"30","issn":"2222-1751","rank":"7","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"47","category":"Infectious Diseases","categories":["Infectious Diseases"],"_categories":["Infectious Diseases"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2654278","title":"Cross-protection against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus from seasonal influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of ferret studies.","journal":"Emerging microbes & infections","methods":"","results":"","abstract":"$30","keywords":["Avian influenza","cross-protection","ferrets","neutralizing antibody","pandemic preparedness","seasonal influenza vaccines"],"pubmed_id":"41985094","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2026-04-15T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2654278","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2026.2654278","ISSN":["2222-1751"],"link":[{"URL":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/22221751.2026.2654278","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":"1","score":1,"title":["Cross-protection against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus from seasonal influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of ferret studies"],"author":[{"given":"IShin","family":"Tseng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University"}]},{"given":"Ying-Chi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University"},{"name":"National Health Research Institutes"}]},{"given":"Wei-Liang","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University"},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare and National Taiwan University"}]},{"given":"Chung-Hsi","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University"}]},{"given":"Sten H.","family":"Vermund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida College of Public Health"},{"name":"University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine"},{"name":"Global Virus Network"}]},{"given":"Chi-Tai","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan University"},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare and 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Limited","reference":[{"DOI":"10.1080/22221751.2024.2332667","key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.3390/pathogens12020168","key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.3201/eid3007.240508","key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/cumulative-number-of-confirmed-human-cases-for-avian-influenza-a(h5n1)-reported-to-who–2003-2025–25-august-2025","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lana.2025.101100","key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/infdis/jiy214","key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68656-X","key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1086/527489","key":"e_1_3_6_12_1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-018-29858-w","key":"e_1_3_6_13_1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"e_1_3_6_14_1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Avian influenza vaccinations begin – vaccine to be offered to persons at increased risk of infection [updated 2024 Jun 25] [cited 2025 Oct 18]. Available from: https://thl.fi/en/-/avian-influenza-vaccinations-begin-vaccine-to-be-offered-to-persons-at-increased-risk-of-infection","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":null,"key":"e_1_3_6_15_1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in animals: interim recommendations for prevention monitoring and public health investigations [updated 2024 Nov 8] [cited 2025 Oct 18]. 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studies.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2654278","tag_type":"warning","value":"The impact_flag 'practice_changing' reflects the potential public health implication flagged by the authors, but human evidence is currently absent; clinicians should interpret with caution.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/22221751.2026.2654278","tag_type":"warning","value":"The U.S. H5 mRNA vaccine programme was cancelled as of August 2025 per the paper, adding urgency to interim strategies but also reflecting a rapidly changing policy landscape.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This systematic review and meta-analysis pooled data from 35 ferret studies (157 lethal H5N1 challenge trials; 911 vaccinated, 880 control ferrets) to compare vaccine efficacy (VE) of seasonal influenza vaccines vs. H5N1 vaccines against H5N1-associated mortality, stratified by N1 antigen content and seroprotection status.","key_result":"N1-containing seasonal influenza vaccines achieved 73% VE (95% CI 54–84; 19 trials), comparable to H5N1 vaccines without seroprotection (63%; 95% CI 52–71; p=0.29) and not significantly different from all H5N1 vaccines combined (77%; 95% CI 72–82; p=0.52). Seasonal vaccines lacking N1 showed no significant cross-protection (VE 14.8%; 95% CI −3.6 to 30.0). H5N1 vaccines achieving seroprotection had the highest VE at 88% (95% CI 84–91).","limitations":"- All trials used forced lethal challenge in influenza-naïve ferrets; findings may not generalize to humans with prior influenza exposure or waning immunity over longer pre-exposure intervals.\n- Cross-protection appears N1-directed, limiting applicability to non-N1 avian influenza viruses (e.g., H5N8).\n- No registry exists for ferret experiments, so publication bias cannot be fully excluded, though subgroup analysis by trial size showed no bias for N1-containing seasonal vaccine trials.","practice_takeaway":"Until strain-matched H5N1 vaccines are available, promoting N1-containing seasonal influenza vaccination (standard trivalent/quadrivalent formulations with H1N1 component) may offer meaningful interim cross-protection against H5N1 mortality. Human observational and serological studies are needed before this ferret-based evidence can be applied clinically."}},{"doi":"10.1161/strokeaha.125.052967","pmid":"40891339","title":"Influenza A Infection Increases Severity of Acute Ischemic Stroke Through Neutrophil Activation and Hypercoagulability","journal_title":"Stroke","journal_issn":"0039-2499","published_at":"2025-09-02T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.125.052967","source_score":43,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2025-11-28","doi":"10.1161/strokeaha.125.052967","days":"7","issn":"0039-2499","rank":"8","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"43","category":"Clinical Neurology","categories":["Clinical Neurology"],"_categories":["Clinical Neurology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1161/STROKEAHA.125.052967","title":"Influenza A Infection Increases Severity of Acute Ischemic Stroke Through Neutrophil Activation and Hypercoagulability.","journal":"Stroke","methods":"","results":"Our research demonstrated a time-dependent deterioration of cerebral ischemia after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, resulting in increased infarct volume and a worsened neurological outcome at the propagation and inflammation phases of infection. Our observations revealed an elevation in procoagulant activity and an increase in thrombosis within the microvasculature after infection and stroke. This effect was attributed to an infection-mediated inflammatory milieu and accelerated neutrophil response. Upon infection, the release of increased neutrophil extracellular traps by neutrophils had detrimental consequences for transient middle cerebral artery occlusion development. 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of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS) (S.H., R.D.S., A.K.M., C.H., A.I.C., F.L., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany."}]},{"given":"Philine","family":"Steinbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology (P.S., C.W., W.H., A.M.W., T.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany."}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Wenzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology (P.S., C.W., W.H., A.M.W., T.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany."},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (C.W.), University Hospital Essen, Germany."}]},{"given":"Rebecca D.","family":"Szepanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS) (S.H., R.D.S., A.K.M., C.H., A.I.C., F.L., C.K.), University Hospital Essen, Germany."}]},{"given":"Anne 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