2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T696,With increased access to advanced prenatal neuroimaging and genetic testing, neurological disorders such as brain malformations, brain injuries, and genetic disorders, are increasingly being diagnosed during pregnancy. In this review, we address neonatal neurocritical care considerations for the population with prenatally identified neurological disorders. We identify antenatal considerations, including planning location of delivery, as well as postnatal considerations, including clinical phenotyping, neuromonitoring, neuroimaging, and genetic testing. The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between obstetrics, maternal-fetal medicine, neonatology, pediatric neurology, neuroradiology, genetics, palliative care, early intervention and habilitative services is emphasized. We outline high-priority research gaps, and highlight the need for large, multicenter studies that capture diverse geographies, populations, care practices and settings longitudinally. IMPACT: Fetal neurology is a rapidly evolving field owing to the increased prenatal diagnosis of neurological disorders; however, the natural history of many fetal neurological disorders is not well known. We identify interdisciplinary neonatal neurocritical care considerations for newborns with prenatally diagnosed neurological disorders, such as neuroimaging, neuromonitoring, and family support. We outline high-priority research gaps in fetal neurology relevant to neurocritical care, including the need to prioritize large-scale longitudinal studies on the etiologies, short- and long-term outcomes of fetal neurologic disorders across diverse geographies and populations to improve counseling and care.31:T98e, Abstract With increased access to advanced prenatal neuroimaging and genetic testing, neurological disorders such as brain malformations, brain injuries, and genetic disorders, are increasingly being diagnosed during pregnancy. In this review, we address neonatal neurocritical care considerations for the population with prenatally identified neurological disorders. We identify antenatal considerations, including planning location of delivery, as well as postnatal considerations, including clinical phenotyping, neuromonitoring, neuroimaging, and genetic testing. The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between obstetrics, maternal-fetal medicine, neonatology, pediatric neurology, neuroradiology, genetics, palliative care, early intervention and habilitative services is emphasized. We outline high-priority research gaps, and highlight the need for large, multicenter studies that capture diverse geographies, populations, care practices and settings longitudinally. Impact

Fetal neurology is a rapidly evolving field owing to the increased prenatal diagnosis of neurological disorders; however, the natural history of many fetal neurological disorders is not well known.

We identify interdisciplinary neonatal neurocritical care considerations for newborns with prenatally diagnosed neurological disorders, such as neuroimaging, neuromonitoring, and family support.

We outline high-priority research gaps in fetal neurology relevant to neurocritical care, including the need to prioritize large-scale longitudinal studies on the etiologies, short- and long-term outcomes of fetal neurologic disorders across diverse geographies and populations to improve counseling and care.

32:T458,To develop and internally validate a model predicting neonatal mortality in infants with neonatal encephalopathy requiring therapeutic hypothermia (TH), using national data. Data from 385 infants treated with TH across 19 hospitals (2016-2021) were analysed. Multivariable logistic regression with backward stepwise selection was applied. Discrimination was assessed using the C-statistic, with internal validation by bootstrapping. The THERM (Therapeutic Hypothermia Early Risk Model for Mortality) tool was developed to calculate individualised mortality risk. Forty-six infants (11.9%) died within 28 days. Four predictors were retained: prelabour Caesarean section, adrenaline use, base excess ≤-22 mmol/L, and seizures during the first day of life. The model demonstrated excellent discrimination [optimism-adjusted C-statistic 0.885 (95% CI: 0.827-0.936)]. Four routinely collected variables predicted mortality in infants undergoing TH. The THERM tool provides a practical resource for clinicians, enabling personalised risk assessment and supporting parental counselling during the first day of life.33:T6df,Abstract Objective To develop and internally validate a model predicting neonatal mortality in infants with neonatal encephalopathy requiring therapeutic hypothermia (TH), using national data. Study design Data from 385 infants treated with TH across 19 hospitals (2016–2021) were analysed. Multivariable logistic regression with backward stepwise selection was applied. Discrimination was assessed using the C-statistic, with internal validation by bootstrapping. The THERM (Therapeutic Hypothermia Early Risk Model for Mortality) tool was developed to calculate individualised mortality risk. Results Forty-six infants (11.9%) died within 28 days. Four predictors were retained: prelabour Caesarean section, adrenaline use, base excess ≤–22 mmol/L, and seizures during the first day of life. The model demonstrated excellent discrimination [optimism-adjusted C-statistic 0.885 (95% CI: 0.827–0.936)]. Conclusions Four routinely collected variables predicted mortality in infants undergoing TH. The THERM tool provides a practical resource for clinicians, enabling personalised risk assessment and supporting parental counselling during the first day of life. 34:T406,Improve regional clinical care for infants with neonatal encephalopathy presumed to be due to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) by developing a clinical data registry. We developed a regional multicenter registry of newborns at risk for HIE and leveraged data collected within the registry to design and monitor biannually quality improvement metrics in a collaborative effort among site investigators. Over the 3 years since beginning our improvement efforts, we have demonstrated positive trends in all three initial metrics decided on by our investigators: increasing the cord blood gas acquisition in high-risk deliveries (median 74-87%); increasing neurological exam and encephalopathy score documentation in infants with perinatal acidosis (17-36%); and decreasing the incidence of infants discharged on anti-seizure medication (60-29%). In addition to providing hypothesis-generating research data, local and regional registry data can be successfully utilized for quality improvement efforts across multiple hospitals.25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Neonatal Encephalopathy: condition Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Neonatal Encephalopathy (condition). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. Updated daily.\",\"url\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition/Neonatal%20Encephalopathy\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research Hub\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Conditions\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Neonatal Encephalopathy\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition/Neonatal%20Encephalopathy\"}]}}"}}]],["$","$L2f",null,{"title":"Neonatal Encephalopathy: Research & Clinical Takeaways","description":"Discover peer-reviewed research on Neonatal Encephalopathy with concise clinician summaries and next-step guidance.","papers":[{"doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","pmid":"41501412","title":"Neonatal neurocritical care considerations for prenatally identified neurological disorders","journal_title":"Pediatric Research","journal_issn":"0031-3998","published_at":"2026-01-08T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","source_score":19,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-01-12","doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","days":"7","issn":"0031-3998","rank":"9","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"19","category":"Pediatrics","categories":["Pediatrics"],"_categories":["Pediatrics"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","title":"Neonatal neurocritical care considerations for prenatally identified neurological disorders.","journal":"Pediatric research","methods":"","results":"","abstract":"$30","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"41501412","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2026-01-08T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","ISSN":["0031-3998","1530-0447"],"link":[{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-025-04691-w.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-025-04691-w","content-type":"text/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-025-04691-w.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["Neonatal neurocritical care considerations for prenatally identified neurological disorders"],"author":[{"given":"Dawn","family":"Gano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Boardman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sonika","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Charu","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tomo","family":"Tarui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vann","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Courtney J.","family":"Wusthoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Monica E.","family":"Lemmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Scelsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Vollmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Mulkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Scher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anthony R.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Peeples","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Firdose","family":"Nakwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Molloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Pardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":null,"family":null,"sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Molloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Peeples","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kaashif A.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hany","family":"Aly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Boardman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vann","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"deVeber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Gano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emily M.","family":"Herzberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Leijser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thiviya","family":"Selvanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Latha","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Courtney J.","family":"Wusthoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"member":"297","prefix":"10.1038","source":"Crossref","volume":null,"created":{"date-time":"2026-01-07T10:25:19Z","timestamp":1767781519000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:29:29Z","timestamp":1767832169750,"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"license":[{"URL":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","start":{"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"tdm"},{"URL":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","start":{"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"vor"}],"subject":[],"abstract":"$31","language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-025-04691-w"}},"subtitle":[],"assertion":[{"name":"received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Received","order":1,"value":"11 September 2025"},{"name":"revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Revised","order":2,"value":"26 November 2025"},{"name":"accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Accepted","order":3,"value":"30 November 2025"},{"name":"first_online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"First Online","order":4,"value":"7 January 2026"},{"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"},"order":1,"value":"D.G., S.B.M., E.S.P., and E.M. serve on the Editorial Board at Pediatric Research. The remaining authors declare no competing interests."}],"deposited":{"date-time":"2026-01-07T23:02:02Z","timestamp":1767826922000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0031-3998"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1530-0447"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","reference":[{"DOI":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.3619","key":"4691_CR1","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"CD Smyser","volume":"82","first-page":"7","unstructured":"Smyser, C. D., Ferriero, D. M. & Ment, L. R. Neonatal neurocritical care training-the time has come. JAMA Neurol. 82, 7–8 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"JAMA Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.04.016","key":"4691_CR2","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"T Tarui","volume":"145","first-page":"74","unstructured":"Tarui, T. et al. Fetal neurology practice survey: current practice and the future directions. Pediatr. Neurol. 145, 74–79 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.siny.2024.101523","key":"4691_CR3","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"C Venkatesan","volume":"29","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Venkatesan, C., Cortezzo, D., Habli, M. & Agarwal, S. Interdisciplinary fetal neurology care: current practice, challenges, and future directions. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 29, 101523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2024.101523 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJMoa1014379","key":"4691_CR4","year":"2011","issue":null,"author":"NS Adzick","volume":"364","first-page":"993","unstructured":"Adzick, N. S. et al. A randomized trial of prenatal versus postnatal repair of myelomeningocele. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 993–1004 (2011).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"4691_CR5","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"FG Paslaru","volume":"57","first-page":"707","unstructured":"Paslaru, F. G. et al. Myelomeningocele surgery over the 10 years following the MOMS Trial: a systematic review of outcomes in prenatal versus postnatal surgical repair. Med. (Kaunas.) 57, 707 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Med. (Kaunas.)","doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.3390/pathogens8010024","key":"4691_CR6","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"F Peyron","volume":"8","first-page":"24","unstructured":"Peyron, F. et al. Maternal and Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations of a French Multidisciplinary Working Group. Pathogens 8, 24 (2019).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pathogens","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.100892","key":"4691_CR7","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"M Leruez-Ville","volume":"40","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Leruez-Ville, M. et al. Consensus recommendation for prenatal, neonatal and postnatal management of congenital cytomegalovirus infection from the European congenital infection initiative (ECCI). Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 40, 100892 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/jac/dkae247","key":"4691_CR8","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"N Bourgon","volume":"79","first-page":"2500","unstructured":"Bourgon, N. et al. In utero treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus infection with valganciclovir: an observational study on safety and effectiveness. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 79, 2500–2508 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.2965","key":"4691_CR9","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"JB Russ","volume":"80","first-page":"1015","unstructured":"Russ, J. B., Brown, J. E. H. & Gano, D. The next frontier in neurology is in Utero. JAMA Neurol. 80, 1015–1016 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"JAMA Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.043421","key":"4691_CR10","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"DB Orbach","volume":"54","first-page":"e231","unstructured":"Orbach, D. B. et al. Transuterine ultrasound-guided fetal embolization of vein of Galen malformation, eliminating postnatal pathophysiology. Stroke 54, e231–e232 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ajog.2023.11.1248","key":"4691_CR11","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"O Naggara","volume":"230","first-page":"372","unstructured":"Naggara, O. et al. Prenatal treatment of a vein of Galen malformation by embolization and 1-year follow-up. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 230, 372–374 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/brain/awaf123","key":"4691_CR12","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"EF Tizzano","volume":"148","first-page":"3043","unstructured":"Tizzano, E. F., Lindner, G., Chilcott, E., Finkel, R. S. & Yáñez-Muñoz, R. J. In utero therapy for spinal muscular atrophy: closer to clinical translation. Brain 148, 3043–3056 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Brain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1002/ana.20977","key":"4691_CR13","year":"2006","issue":null,"author":"SA Fuchs","volume":"60","first-page":"476","unstructured":"Fuchs, S. A. et al. D-serine in the developing human central nervous system. Ann. Neurol. 60, 476–80 (2006).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Ann. Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJMoa2200587","key":"4691_CR14","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"JL Cohen","volume":"387","first-page":"2150","unstructured":"Cohen, J. L. et al. In Utero enzyme-replacement therapy for infantile-onset Pompe’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med 387, 2150–2158 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.04.016","key":"4691_CR15","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"S Agarwal","volume":"156","first-page":"119","unstructured":"Agarwal, S. et al. Fetal cerebral ventriculomegaly: a narrative review and practical recommendations for pediatric neurologists. Pediatr. Neurol. 156, 119–127 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2025.01.022","key":"4691_CR16","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"AC Pardo","volume":"165","first-page":"117","unstructured":"Pardo, A. C. et al. Fetal callosal anomalies: a narrative review and practical recommendations for pediatric neurologists. Pediatr. Neurol. 165, 117–127 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.clp.2025.02.001","key":"4691_CR17","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"LE Vernon","volume":"52","first-page":"199","unstructured":"Vernon, L. E. Fetal consultation, delivery planning, and perinatal transition for congenital neurologic disorders. Clin. Perinatol. 52, 199–213 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/archdischild-2024-327662","key":"4691_CR18","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"D Wilkinson","volume":"110","first-page":"236","unstructured":"Wilkinson, D., Bertaud, S., Mancini, A. & Murdoch, E. BAPM Working Group. Recognising uncertainty: an integrated framework for palliative care in perinatal medicine. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 110, 236–244 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41390-025-04000-5","key":"4691_CR19","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"M Dunbar","volume":"98","first-page":"1664","unstructured":"Dunbar, M. et al. Fetal intracerebral hemorrhage: review of the literature and practice considerations. Pediatr. Res. 98, 1664–1677 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.12.014","key":"4691_CR20","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"C Venkatesan","volume":"164","first-page":"17","unstructured":"Venkatesan, C. et al. Prenatally diagnosed absent septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia: narrative review and practical recommendations for pediatric neurologists. Pediatr. Neurol. 164, 17–24 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/brain/awaf094","key":"4691_CR21","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"JB Russ","volume":"148","first-page":"1888","unstructured":"Russ, J. B. et al. Fetal malformations of cortical development: review and clinical guidance. Brain 148, 1888–1903 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Brain","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.10.014","key":"4691_CR22","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"B Scelsa","volume":"162","first-page":"87","unstructured":"Scelsa, B. et al. Prenatally diagnosed holoprosencephaly: review of the literature and practical recommendations for pediatric neurologists. Pediatr. Neurol. 162, 87–96 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.230","key":"4691_CR23","year":"2018","issue":null,"author":"M Lipschuetz","volume":"218","first-page":"339.e1","unstructured":"Lipschuetz, M. et al. Sonographic large fetal head circumference and risk of cesarean delivery. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 218, 339.e1–339.e7 (2018).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/srep44093","key":"4691_CR24","year":"2017","issue":null,"author":"K Motomura","volume":"7","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Motomura, K. et al. Incidence and outcomes of uterine rupture among women with prior caesarean section: WHO Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. Sci. Rep. 7, 44093. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44093 (2017).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Sci. Rep.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.183","key":"4691_CR25","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM); Monteagudo A. Intracranial Hemorrhage. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 223: B34–B37 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.3171/2019.12.PEDS19449","key":"4691_CR26","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"VM Ravindra","volume":"25","first-page":"640","unstructured":"Ravindra, V. M. et al. Prenatal counseling for myelomeningocele in the era of fetal surgery: a shared decision-making approach. J. Neurosurg. Pediatr. 25, 640–647 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.08.009","key":"4691_CR27","year":"2018","issue":null,"author":"EF Tizzano","volume":"22","first-page":"944","unstructured":"Tizzano, E. F. & Zafeiriou, D. Prenatal aspects in spinal muscular atrophy: From early detection to early presymptomatic intervention. Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 22, 944–950 (2018).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1542/neo.23-7-e520","key":"4691_CR28","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"R Chitkara","volume":"23","first-page":"e520","unstructured":"Chitkara, R. et al. Spinal muscular atrophy type 1: fetal diagnosis, prenatal coordination, and postnatal management in the era of novel therapies. Neoreviews 23, e520–e526 (2022). PMID.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Neoreviews","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.siny.2024.101528","key":"4691_CR29","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"N Nanduri","volume":"29","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Nanduri, N. et al. Promoting a neuropalliative care approach in fetal neurology. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 29, 101528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2024.101528 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41390-025-03805-8","key":"4691_CR30","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"NK Field","volume":"98","first-page":"1647","unstructured":"Field, N. K. et al. Communicating about neurological prognosis in the prenatal period: a narrative review and practice guidelines. Pediatr. Res. 98, 1647–1663 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Res.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1111/dmcn.14713","key":"4691_CR31","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"MJ Dunbar","volume":"63","first-page":"144","unstructured":"Dunbar, M. J., Woodward, K., Leijser, L. M. & Kirton, A. Antenatal diagnosis of fetal intraventricular hemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev. Med Child Neurol. 63, 144–155 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Dev. Med Child Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.siny.2024.101524","key":"4691_CR32","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Gano, D., Pardo, A. C., Glenn, O. A., Sherr, E. Diverse childhood neurologic disorders and outcomes following fetal neurologic consultation. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 29, 101524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2024.101524.","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1177/08830738211049115","key":"4691_CR33","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"C Venkatesan","volume":"36","first-page":"1111","unstructured":"Venkatesan, C. et al. Short- and long-term outcomes of prenatally diagnosed dandy-walker malformation, vermian hypoplasia, and Blake pouch cyst. J. Child Neurol. 36, 1111–1119 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Child Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1002/ana.27072","key":"4691_CR34","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"R Vassar","volume":"96","first-page":"1137","unstructured":"Vassar, R. et al. Fetal intraparenchymal hemorrhage imaging patterns, etiology, and outcomes: a single center cohort study. Ann. Neurol. 96, 1137–1147 (2024). Epub 2024 Aug 31.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Ann. Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.11.005","key":"4691_CR35","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"R Simmons","volume":"127","first-page":"20","unstructured":"Simmons, R. et al. Disorders of neuronal migration/organization convey the highest risk of neonatal onset epilepsy compared with other congenital brain malformations. Pediatr. Neurol. 127, 20–27 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1101/cshperspect.a022392","key":"4691_CR36","year":"2015","issue":null,"author":"AJ Barkovich","volume":"5","first-page":"a022392","unstructured":"Barkovich, A. J., Dobyns, W. B. & Guerrini, R. Malformations of cortical development and epilepsy. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 5, a022392 (2015).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.neurol.2015.06.004","key":"4691_CR37","year":"2015","issue":null,"author":"S Fray","volume":"171","first-page":"730","unstructured":"Fray, S., Ali, N. B., Kchaou, M., Chebbi, S. & Belal, S. [Predictors factors of refractory epilepsy in childhood]. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 171, 730–5 (2015).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Rev. Neurol. (Paris)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107557","key":"4691_CR38","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"R Falsaperla","volume":"214","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Falsaperla, R., Ruggieri, M., Polizzi, A. & Praticò, A. D. From abnormal fetal movements to neonatal seizures: a literature review. Epilepsy Res 214, 107557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2025.107557 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Epilepsy Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31723-8","key":"4691_CR39","year":"2017","issue":null,"author":"PD Griffiths","volume":"389","first-page":"538","unstructured":"Griffiths, P. D. et al. Use of MRI in the diagnosis of fetal brain abnormalities in utero (MERIDIAN): a multicentre, prospective cohort study. Lancet 389, 538–546 (2017).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30349-9","key":"4691_CR40","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"AR Hart","volume":"4","first-page":"131","unstructured":"Hart, A. R. et al. Accuracy of in-utero MRI to detect fetal brain abnormalities and prognosticate developmental outcome: postnatal follow-up of the MERIDIAN cohort. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health 4, 131–140 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41372-019-0407-9","key":"4691_CR41","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"MS Arroyo","volume":"39","first-page":"1072","unstructured":"Arroyo, M. S., Hopkin, R. J., Nagaraj, U. D., Kline-Fath, B. & Venkatesan, C. Fetal brain MRI findings and neonatal outcome of common diagnosis at a tertiary care center. J. Perinatol. 39, 1072–1077 (2019).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Perinatol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1097/WNP.0000000000001120","key":"4691_CR42","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"CJ Wusthoff","volume":"42","first-page":"1","unstructured":"Wusthoff, C. J. et al. The American Clinical Neurophysiology Society guideline on indications for continuous electroencephalography monitoring in neonates. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 42, 1–11 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.3389/fped.2021.691764","key":"4691_CR43","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"IC Lee","volume":"9","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Lee, I. C., Hong, S. Y., Weng, Y. H. & Chen, Y. T. Amplitude integrated electroencephalography and continuous electroencephalography monitoring is crucial in high-risk infants and their findings correlate with neurodevelopmental outcomes. Front Pediatr. 9, 691764. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.691764 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Front Pediatr.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1111/epi.17745","key":"4691_CR44","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"RM Pressler","volume":"64","first-page":"2550","unstructured":"Pressler, R. M. et al. Treatment of seizures in the neonate: guidelines and consensus-based recommendations-Special report from the ILAE Task Force on Neonatal Seizures. Epilepsia 64, 2550–2570 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1111/epi.13596","key":"4691_CR45","year":"2016","issue":null,"author":"TT Sands","volume":"57","first-page":"2019","unstructured":"Sands, T. T. et al. Rapid and safe response to low-dose carbamazepine in neonatal epilepsy. Epilepsia 57, 2019–2030 (2016).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Epilepsia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.beem.2016.02.006","key":"4691_CR46","year":"2016","issue":null,"author":"E Dabrowski","volume":"30","first-page":"317","unstructured":"Dabrowski, E., Kadakia, R. & Zimmerman, D. Diabetes insipidus in infants and children. Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 30, 317–28 (2016).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.siny.2021.101272","key":"4691_CR47","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"AG Sandoval Karamian","volume":"26","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Sandoval Karamian, A. G. et al. Neonatal encephalopathy: Etiologies other than hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 26, 101272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2021.101272 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/adc.64.2.191","key":"4691_CR48","year":"1989","issue":null,"author":"MA Rutherford","volume":"64","first-page":"191","unstructured":"Rutherford, M. A., Heckmatt, J. Z. & Dubowitz, V. Congenital myotonic dystrophy: respiratory function at birth determines survival. Arch. Dis. Child 64, 191–5 (1989).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1177/0883073815569307","key":"4691_CR49","year":"2015","issue":null,"author":"A Mrelashvili","volume":"30","first-page":"1453","unstructured":"Mrelashvili, A., Bonifacio, S. L., Rogers, E. E., Shimotake, T. K. & Glass, H. C. Outcome after therapeutic hypothermia in term neonates with encephalopathy and a syndromic diagnosis. J. Child Neurol. 30, 1453–8 (2015).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Child Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1542/peds.2016-0191","key":"4691_CR50","year":"2016","issue":null,"author":"YW Wu","volume":"137","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Wu, Y. W. et al. High-dose erythropoietin and hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a phase II trial. Pediatrics 137, e20160191. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0191 (2016).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.02.007","key":"4691_CR51","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"AS Morell","volume":"154","first-page":"44","unstructured":"Morell, A. S. et al. Genetic and congenital anomalies in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatr. Neurol. 154, 44–50 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJMoa2119660","key":"4691_CR52","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"YW Wu","volume":"387","first-page":"148","unstructured":"Wu, Y. W. et al. Trial of erythropoietin for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in newborns. N. Engl. J. Med 387, 148–159 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.siny.2024.101525","key":"4691_CR53","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"T Tarui","volume":"29","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Tarui, T., Gimovsky, A. C. & Madan, N. Fetal neuroimaging applications for diagnosis and counseling of brain anomalies: current practice and future diagnostic strategies. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 29, 101525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2024.101525 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.02.013","key":"4691_CR54","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"S Agarwal","volume":"142","first-page":"60","unstructured":"Agarwal, S. et al. Prenatal neurological diagnosis: challenges in neuroimaging, prognostic counseling, and prediction of neurodevelopmental outcomes. Pediatr. Neurol. 142, 60–67 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1002/jimd.12072","key":"4691_CR55","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"NV Stence","volume":"42","first-page":"438","unstructured":"Stence, N. V. et al. Brain imaging in classic nonketotic hyperglycinemia: quantitative analysis and relation to phenotype. J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 42, 438–450 (2019).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2025.02.009","key":"4691_CR56","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"A Arechvo","volume":"166","first-page":"47","unstructured":"Arechvo, A., Nicolaides, K. H., Whitby, E. H. & Hart, A. R. Comparison of intrauterine and postnatal brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review. Pediatr. Neurol. 166, 47–54 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.siny.2024.101561","key":"4691_CR57","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"M Ouyang","volume":"29","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Ouyang, M., Whitehead, M. T., Mohapatra, S., Zhu, T. & Huang, H. Machine-learning based prediction of future outcome using multimodal MRI during early childhood. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 29, 101561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2024.101561 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.045","key":"4691_CR58","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"M Blesa","volume":"184","first-page":"431","unstructured":"Blesa, M. et al. Early breast milk exposure modifies brain connectivity in preterm infants. Neuroimage 184, 431–439 (2019).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Neuroimage","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.02.011","key":"4691_CR59","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"MB Belfort","volume":"44","first-page":"612","unstructured":"Belfort, M. B. & Inder, T. E. Human milk and preterm infant brain development: a narrative review. Clin. Ther. 44, 612–621 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Clin. Ther.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102195","key":"4691_CR60","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"P Galdi","volume":"25","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Galdi, P. et al. Neonatal morphometric similarity mapping for predicting brain age and characterizing neuroanatomic variation associated with preterm birth. Neuroimage Clin. 25, 102195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102195 (2020).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41390-021-01779-x","key":"4691_CR61","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"E Valavani","volume":"92","first-page":"480","unstructured":"Valavani, E. et al. Language function following preterm birth: prediction using machine learning. Pediatr. Res. 92, 480–489 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Res.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1002/pd.6735","key":"4691_CR62","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"N Burrill","volume":"45","first-page":"310","unstructured":"Burrill, N. et al. Whole exome sequencing in a population of fetuses with structural anomalies. Prenat. Diagn. 45, 310–317 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.07.008","key":"4691_CR63","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"E George","volume":"147","first-page":"63","unstructured":"George, E. et al. Spectrum of fetal intraparenchymal hemorrhage in COL4A1/A2-related disorders. Pediatr. Neurol. 147, 63–67 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1002/acn3.51448","key":"4691_CR64","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"A Accogli","volume":"8","first-page":"2004","unstructured":"Accogli, A. et al. L1CAM variants cause two distinct imaging phenotypes on fetal MRI. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 8, 2004–2012 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.05.008","key":"4691_CR65","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"D Dimmock","volume":"108","first-page":"1231","unstructured":"Dimmock, D. et al. Project Baby Bear: rapid precision care incorporating rWGS in 5 California children’s hospitals demonstrates improved clinical outcomes and reduced costs of care. Am. J. Hum. Genet 108, 1231–1238 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jama.2023.9350","key":"4691_CR66","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"JL Maron","volume":"330","first-page":"161","unstructured":"Maron, J. L. et al. Rapid whole-genomic sequencing and a targeted neonatal gene panel in infants with a suspected genetic disorder. JAMA 330, 161–169 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1212/WNL.0000000000210106","key":"4691_CR67","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"SU Morton","volume":"104","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Morton, S. U. et al. Exome and genome sequencing to diagnose the genetic basis of neonatal hypotonia: an international consortium study. Neurology 104, e210106. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000210106 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1212/NXG.0000000000200171","key":"4691_CR68","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"MA Shear","volume":"10","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Shear, M. A. et al. Fetal brain MRI findings in myotonic dystrophy and considerations for prenatal genetic testing. Neurol. Genet 10, e200171. https://doi.org/10.1212/NXG.0000000000200171 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Neurol. Genet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41390-023-02957-9","key":"4691_CR69","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"SM Lawrence","volume":"95","first-page":"532","unstructured":"Lawrence, S. M., Goshia, T., Sinha, M., Fraley, S. I. & Williams, M. Decoding human cytomegalovirus for the development of innovative diagnostics to detect congenital infection. Pediatr. Res. 95, 532–542 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Res.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1097/QCO.0000000000000946","key":"4691_CR70","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"O Fortin","volume":"36","first-page":"405","unstructured":"Fortin, O. & Mulkey, S. B. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in congenital and perinatal infections. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 36, 405–413 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5441","key":"4691_CR71","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"SC Dollard","volume":"175","first-page":"e205441","unstructured":"Dollard, S. C. et al. Sensitivity of dried blood spot testing for detection of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. JAMA Pediatr. 175, e205441 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41390-023-02985-5","key":"4691_CR72","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"DJ Bonthius","volume":"95","first-page":"551","unstructured":"Bonthius, D. J. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus injures the developing brain: effects and mechanisms. Pediatr. Res. 95, 551–557 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Res.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1159/000489881","key":"4691_CR73","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"E Maisonneuve","volume":"46","first-page":"1","unstructured":"Maisonneuve, E. et al. Fetal brain injury associated with parvovirus B19 congenital infection requiring intrauterine transfusion. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 46, 1–11 (2019).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41579-021-00610-y","key":"4691_CR74","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"CJ Megli","volume":"20","first-page":"67","unstructured":"Megli, C. J. & Coyne, C. B. Infections at the maternal-fetal interface: an overview of pathogenesis and defense. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 20, 67–82 (2022).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/archdischild-2015-309639","key":"4691_CR75","year":"2017","issue":null,"author":"K Martinello","volume":"102","first-page":"F346","unstructured":"Martinello, K., Hart, A. R., Yap, S., Mitra, S. & Robertson, N. J. Management and investigation of neonatal encephalopathy: 2017 update. Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 102, F346–F358 (2017).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child Fetal Neonatal Ed.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.clp.2025.02.011","key":"4691_CR76","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"GR Barsh","volume":"52","first-page":"345","unstructured":"Barsh, G. R., Anwar, T. & Pardo, A. C. Mimickers of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Clin. Perinatol. 52, 345–360 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1212/WNL.0000000000209728","key":"4691_CR77","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"O Fortin","volume":"103","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Fortin, O. et al. Fetal brain MRI abnormalities in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency. Neurology 103, e209728. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000209728 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1177/197140091302600204","key":"4691_CR78","year":"2013","issue":null,"author":"J Nunes","volume":"26","first-page":"155","unstructured":"Nunes, J. et al. Brain MRI findings as an important diagnostic clue in glutaric aciduria type 1. Neuroradiol. J. 26, 155–61 (2013).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Neuroradiol. J.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1212/WNL.0b013e31825182dc","key":"4691_CR79","year":"2012","issue":null,"author":"MS van der Knaap","volume":"78","first-page":"1304","unstructured":"van der Knaap, M. S. et al. MRI as diagnostic tool in early-onset peroxisomal disorders. Neurology 78, 1304–8 (2012).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"4691_CR80","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Elumalai, V., Pasrija, D. Zellweger spectrum disorder. [Updated 2020 Aug 2]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560676/","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.41533","key":"4691_CR81","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"EE Crouch","volume":"6","first-page":"e2341533","unstructured":"Crouch, E. E. et al. Parents’ views on autopsy, organ donation, and research donation after neonatal death. JAMA Netw. Open 6, e2341533 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1111/dmcn.16471","key":"4691_CR82","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Shariv, A. et al. Parental counselling and autopsy results: a retrospective diagnostic cohort study at a multidisciplinary fetal neurology clinic. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. Epub ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.16471 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1111/nan.12696","key":"4691_CR83","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"S Brock","volume":"47","first-page":"585","unstructured":"Brock, S., Cools, F. & Jansen, A. C. Neuropathology of genetically defined malformations of cortical development-a systematic literature review. Neuropathol. Appl Neurobiol. 47, 585–602 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl Neurobiol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.nicl.2014.10.007","key":"4691_CR84","year":"2014","issue":null,"author":"E Orasanu","volume":"6","first-page":"438","unstructured":"Orasanu, E. et al. Brain volume estimation from post-mortem newborn and fetal MRI. Neuroimage Clin. 6, 438–44 (2014).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.siny.2024.101521","key":"4691_CR85","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"MS Scher","volume":"29","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Scher, M. S., Agarwal, S. & Venkatesen, C. Clinical decisions in fetal-neonatal neurology I. Reproductive and pregnancy health influence the neural exposome over multiple generations. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 29, 101521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2024.101521 (2024).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41390-025-03816-5","key":"4691_CR86","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"ES Peeples","volume":"98","first-page":"813","unstructured":"Peeples, E. S., Molloy, E. J. & Bearer, C. F. Novel biomarkers of fetal and neonatal environmental exposure, effect and susceptibility. Pediatr. Res. 98, 813–818 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr. Res.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1007/s13312-023-3007-x","key":"4691_CR87","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"S Agarwal","volume":"60","first-page":"795","unstructured":"Agarwal, S., Venkatesan, C., Tarui, T. & Gano, D. Advancing the field of fetal neurology: a call for global collaborations. Indian Pediatr. 60, 795–799 (2023).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Indian Pediatr.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2025.102673","key":"4691_CR88","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"N Zargarzadeh","volume":"103","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Zargarzadeh, N., Rashidian, P., Shah, T., Ryan, G. & Afshar, Y. Fetal therapy with mTOR inhibitors in cardiac rhabdomyoma and lymphatic malformations. Best. Pract. Res Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 103, 102673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2025.102673 (2025).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1097/GRF.0000000000000653","key":"4691_CR89","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"JEH Brown","volume":"64","first-page":"933","unstructured":"Brown, J. E. H. & Koenig, B. A. Ethical, legal, and social implications of fetal gene therapy. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 64, 933–940 (2021).","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"}],"short-title":[],"update-policy":"https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy","alternative-id":["4691"],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"original-title":[],"container-title":["Pediatric Research"],"reference-count":89,"published-online":{"date-time":null,"timestamp":null,"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":89,"short-container-title":["Pediatr Res"],"is-referenced-by-count":0},"unpaywall":{"doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","is_oa":true,"title":"Neonatal neurocritical care considerations for prenatally identified neurological disorders","updated":"2026-01-10T04:46:20+00:00","published_date":"2026-01-07","best_oa_location":{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-025-04691-w.pdf","pmh_id":null,"url_for_pdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41390-025-04691-w.pdf","url_for_landing_page":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w"}}},"created_at":"2026-01-18T22:40:12.285Z","updated_at":"2026-01-19T09:31:36.873Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","tag_type":"category","value":"Pediatrics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","tag_type":"condition","value":"Congenital Brain Malformations","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","tag_type":"condition","value":"Neonatal Encephalopathy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"7","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Narrative Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","tag_type":"warning","value":"Evidence spans diverse disorders and small cohorts; generalizability across conditions is uncertain.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","tag_type":"warning","value":"Several cited data points come from retrospective series with selection bias, especially comparisons of fetal and postnatal MRI.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41390-025-04691-w","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a narrative review without primary outcomes or pooled effect sizes.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Narrative review of neonatal neurocritical care for fetuses diagnosed in utero with neurological disorders, covering antenatal planning and postnatal clinical phenotyping, neuromonitoring, neuroimaging, genetic testing, and research gaps.","limitations":"Recommendations are based on heterogeneous conditions and mostly small, retrospective studies; key evidence (e.g., fetal vs postnatal MRI) includes case series at high risk of selection bias. As a narrative review, it lacks a unified primary outcome and quantitative synthesis.","practice_takeaway":"Plan delivery and early postnatal care to ensure access to neurosurgery, EEG, and MRI; use continuous EEG in high‑risk neonates when seizures are suspected and tailor antiseizure therapy to suspected channelopathies. Obtain cranial ultrasound promptly for severe ventriculomegaly or prenatal hemorrhage and a non‑sedated neonatal MRI to define malformations; test for cCMV within 3 weeks when indicated; consider therapeutic hypothermia case‑by‑case with neonatology–neurology input when HIE is suspected alongside congenital disorders."}},{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","pmid":"41490924","title":"Development of a prediction model for mortality in infants undergoing therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy","journal_title":"Journal of Perinatology","journal_issn":"0743-8346","published_at":"2026-01-06T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","source_score":18,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-01-07","doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","days":"14","issn":"0743-8346","rank":"8","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"18","category":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","categories":["Obstetrics & Gynecology"],"_categories":["Obstetrics & Gynecology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","title":"Development of a prediction model for mortality in infants undergoing therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy.","journal":"Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association","methods":"","results":"Forty-six infants (11.9%) died within 28 days. Four predictors were retained: prelabour Caesarean section, adrenaline use, base excess ≤-22 mmol/L, and seizures during the first day of life. The model demonstrated excellent discrimination [optimism-adjusted C-statistic 0.885 (95% CI: 0.827-0.936)].","abstract":"$32","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"41490924","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2026-01-06T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","ISSN":["0743-8346","1476-5543"],"link":[{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02547-z.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02547-z","content-type":"text/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02547-z.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["Development of a prediction model for mortality in infants undergoing therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy"],"author":[{"given":"Jill M.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Clare L.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Margo","family":"Dunworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Mc Ginley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laura","family":"O’Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roisin","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Corcoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Indra San Lazaro","family":"Campillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mc Kenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joye","family":"McKernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali S.","family":"Khashan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gillian M.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brian H.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Greene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fergus P.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"member":"297","prefix":"10.1038","source":"Crossref","volume":null,"created":{"date-time":"2026-01-05T12:26:09Z","timestamp":1767615969000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2026-01-06T01:23:07Z","timestamp":1767662587083,"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"license":[{"URL":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","start":{"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"tdm"},{"URL":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","start":{"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"vor"}],"subject":[],"abstract":"$33","language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02547-z"}},"subtitle":[],"assertion":[{"name":"received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Received","order":1,"value":"2 September 2025"},{"name":"revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Revised","order":2,"value":"11 November 2025"},{"name":"accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Accepted","order":3,"value":"5 December 2025"},{"name":"first_online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"First Online","order":4,"value":"5 January 2026"},{"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"},"order":1,"value":"The authors declare no competing interests."},{"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"},"order":2,"value":"Data access approval for the use of anonymised data in this project was granted on 05 January 2024 by the National Neonatal Steering Committee, the National Perinatal Epidemiology Centre (NPEC), the National Women and Infant Health Programme, and the National Clinical Programme for Paediatrics and Neonatology. Informed consent was not required because the study involved secondary analysis of fully anonymised data. Full ethical approval for the National Neonatal Therapeutic Hypothermia Development Project was granted by the Clinical Research and Ethics Committee (ECM 4 (g) 05/08/08)."}],"deposited":{"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:03:46Z","timestamp":1767657826000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0743-8346"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-5543"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","reference":[{"DOI":"10.1097/01.AOG.0000445580.65983.d2","key":"2547_CR1","year":"2014","issue":null,"author":"ME D’Alton","volume":"123","first-page":"896","unstructured":"D’Alton ME, Hankins GDV, Berkowitz RL, Bienstock J, Ghidini A, Goldsmith J, et al. Neonatal encephalopathy and neurologic outcome. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123:896–901.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.010","key":"2547_CR2","year":"2010","issue":null,"author":"JJ Kurinczuk","volume":"86","first-page":"329","unstructured":"Kurinczuk JJ, White-Koning M, Badawi N. Epidemiology of neonatal encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Early Hum Dev. 2010;86:329–38.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Early Hum Dev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/bmj.c363","key":"2547_CR3","year":"2010","issue":null,"author":"AD Edwards","volume":"340","first-page":"c363","unstructured":"Edwards AD, Brocklehurst P, Gunn AJ, Halliday H, Juszczak E, Levene M, et al. Neurological outcomes at 18 months of age after moderate hypothermia for perinatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: synthesis and meta-analysis of trial data. BMJ. 2010;340:c363.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"BMJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJMcps050929","key":"2547_CR4","year":"2005","issue":null,"author":"S Shankaran","volume":"353","first-page":"1574","unstructured":"Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Ehrenkranz RA, Tyson JE, McDonald SA, Donovan EF, et al. Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1574–84.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/archdischild-2017-314116","key":"2547_CR5","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"P Cawley","volume":"105","first-page":"75","unstructured":"Cawley P, Chakkarapani E. Fifteen-minute consultation: Therapeutic hypothermia for infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy—translating jargon, prognosis and uncertainty for parents. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2020;105:75–83.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1542/peds.2006-1591","key":"2547_CR6","year":"2006","issue":null,"author":"N Ambalavanan","volume":"118","first-page":"2084","unstructured":"Ambalavanan N, Carlo WA, Shankaran S, Bann CM, Emrich SL, Higgins RD, et al. Predicting outcomes of neonates diagnosed with hypoxemic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 2006;118:2084–93.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1186/s12887-024-04696-0","key":"2547_CR7","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"YS Tegegne","volume":"24","first-page":"219","unstructured":"Tegegne YS, Birhan TY, Takele H, Mekonnen FA. Incidence and development of validated mortality prediction model among asphyxiated neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit at Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia, 2021: retrospective follow-up study. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24:219.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"BMC Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1148/ryai.240076","key":"2547_CR8","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"CO Lew","volume":"6","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Lew CO, Calabrese E, Chen JV, Tang F, Chaudhari G, Lee A, et al. Artificial intelligence outcome prediction in neonates with encephalopathy (AI-OPiNE). Radiology Artif Intell. 2024;6:e240076.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Radiology Artif Intell","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41390-021-01550-2","key":"2547_CR9","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"JW Jeong","volume":"91","first-page":"1505","unstructured":"Jeong JW, Lee M, Fernandes N, Deol S, Mody S, Arslanturk S, et al. Neonatal encephalopathy prediction of poor outcome with diffusion-weighted imaging connectome and fixel-based analysis. Pediatr Res. 2022;91:1505–15.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.49188","key":"2547_CR10","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"HC Glass","volume":"7","first-page":"e2449188","unstructured":"Glass HC, Wood TR, Comstock BA, Numis AL, Bonifacio SL, Cornet MC, et al. Predictors of death or severe impairment in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2449188.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1515/jpm-2020-0299","key":"2547_CR11","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"SM Doreswamy","volume":"49","first-page":"748","unstructured":"Doreswamy SM, Ramakrishnegowda A. Prediction of encephalopathy in perinatal asphyxia score: reaching the unreached. J Perinat Med. 2021;49:748–54.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J Perinat Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/sj.jp.7211259","key":"2547_CR12","year":"2005","issue":null,"author":"AJ Talati","volume":"25","first-page":"245","unstructured":"Talati AJ, Yang W, Yolton K, Korones SB, Bada HS. Combination of early perinatal factors to identify near-term and term neonates for neuroprotection. J Perinatol. 2005;25:245–50.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J Perinatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41390-022-02352-w","key":"2547_CR13","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"T Debillon","volume":"93","first-page":"1975","unstructured":"Debillon T, Sentilhes L, Kayem G, Chevallier M, Zeitlin J, Baud O, et al. Risk factors for unfavorable outcome at discharge of newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the era of hypothermia. Pediatr Res. 2023;93:1975–82.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.033","key":"2547_CR14","year":"2014","issue":null,"author":"CP Wayock","volume":"211","first-page":"41.e1","unstructured":"Wayock CP, Meserole RL, Saria S, Jennings JM, Huisman TAGM, Northington FJ, et al. Perinatal risk factors for severe injury in neonates treated with whole-body hypothermia for encephalopathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;211:41.e1–.e8.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2547_CR15","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Meaney S, McGinley J, Corcoran P, McKenna P, Filan P, Greene R, et al. Neonatal therapeutic hypothermia in Ireland, annual report 2019. Cork: National Perinatal Epidemiology Centre; 2021.","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":null,"key":"2547_CR16","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"World Health Organization. Neonatal and perinatal mortality: country, regional and global estimates. WHO; 2006.","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1136/bmj.b604","key":"2547_CR17","year":"2009","issue":null,"author":"P Royston","volume":"338","first-page":"b604","unstructured":"Royston P, Moons KGM, Altman DG, Vergouwe Y. Prognosis and prognostic research: Developing a prognostic model. BMJ. 2009;338:b604.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"BMJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/fmch-2019-000262","key":"2547_CR18","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"MZI Chowdhury","volume":"8","first-page":"e000262","unstructured":"Chowdhury MZI, Turin TC. Variable selection strategies and its importance in clinical prediction modelling. Fam Med Community Health. 2020;8:e000262.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Fam Med Community Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1177/1536867X1301300407","key":"2547_CR19","year":"2013","issue":null,"author":"C Li","volume":"13","first-page":"795","unstructured":"Li C. Little’s test of missing completely at random. Stata J. 2013;13:795–809.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Stata J","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1007/978-3-319-19425-7_3","key":"2547_CR20","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Harrell FE. Missing Data. In: Harrell JFE, editor. Regression modeling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic and ordinal regression, and survival analysis. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 45–61.","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1002/sim.8806","key":"2547_CR21","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"RD Riley","volume":"40","first-page":"859","unstructured":"Riley RD, Van Calster B, Collins GS. A note on estimating the Cox-Snell from a reported C statistic (AUROC) to inform sample size calculations for developing a prediction model with a binary outcome. Stat Med. 2021;40:859–64.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Stat Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2547_CR22","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Faraway JJ. Extending the linear models with R: generalised linear, mixed effects and nonparametric regression models. Chapman and Hall; 2006.","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1093/biomet/78.3.691","key":"2547_CR23","year":"1991","issue":null,"author":"NJD Nagelkerke","volume":"78","first-page":"691","unstructured":"Nagelkerke NJD. A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination. Biometrika. 1991;78:691–2.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Biometrika","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181c30fb2","key":"2547_CR24","year":"2010","issue":null,"author":"EW Steyerberg","volume":"21","first-page":"128","unstructured":"Steyerberg EW, Vickers AJ, Cook NR, Gerds T, Gonen M, Obuchowski N, et al. Assessing the performance of prediction models: a framework for traditional and novel measures. Epidemiology. 2010;21:128–38.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Epidemiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1089/neu.2020.7218","key":"2547_CR25","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"BY Gravesteijn","volume":"38","first-page":"1842","unstructured":"Gravesteijn BY, Sewalt CA, Venema E, Nieboer D, Steyerberg EW. Missing Data in prediction research: a five-step approach for multiple imputation, illustrated in the CENTER-TBI study. J Neurotrauma. 2021;38:1842–57.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.01.050","key":"2547_CR26","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"A O’Kane","volume":"232","first-page":"73","unstructured":"O’Kane A, Vezina G, Chang T, Bendush N, Ridore M, Gai J, et al. Early versus late brain magnetic resonance imaging after neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy treated with therapeutic hypothermia. J Pediatrics. 2021;232:73–9.e2.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41390-022-02026-7","key":"2547_CR27","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"Y Li","volume":"92","first-page":"1731","unstructured":"Li Y, Wisnowski JL, Chalak L, Mathur AM, McKinstry RC, Licona G, et al. Mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE): timing and pattern of MRI brain injury. Pediatr Res. 2022;92:1731–6.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1186/s41512-018-0033-6","key":"2547_CR28","year":"2018","issue":null,"author":"TH Kappen","volume":"2","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Kappen TH, van Klei WA, van Wolfswinkel L, Kalkman CJ, Vergouwe Y, Moons KGM. Evaluating the impact of prediction models: lessons learned, challenges, and recommendations. Diagnostic Prognostic Res. 2018;2:11.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Diagnostic Prognostic Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.7326/M14-0698","key":"2547_CR29","year":"2015","issue":null,"author":"KG Moons","volume":"162","first-page":"W1","unstructured":"Moons KG, Altman DG, Reitsma JB, Ioannidis JP, Macaskill P, Steyerberg EW, et al. Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): explanation and elaboration. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:W1–73.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Ann Intern Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2547_CR30","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Nyame-Mensah A. Decrease Data Entry Errors with Drop Down Menus [Available from: https://www.anyamemensah.com/blog/drop-down-menus.","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1111/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00294.x","key":"2547_CR31","year":"2001","issue":null,"author":"DA Bennett","volume":"25","first-page":"464","unstructured":"Bennett DA. How can I deal with missing data in my study?. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2001;25:464–9.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1186/2193-1801-2-222","key":"2547_CR32","year":"2013","issue":null,"author":"Y Dong","volume":"2","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Dong Y, Peng CY. Principled missing data methods for researchers. Springerplus. 2013;2:222.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Springerplus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"2547_CR33","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Panayiotopoulos CP. The epilepsies: seizures, syndromes and management, Chapter 5, Neonatal seizures and neonatal syndromes, Oxfordshire (UK): Bladon Medical Publishing; 2005 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2599/#.","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1136/bmj.c2442","key":"2547_CR34","year":"2010","issue":null,"author":"GS Collins","volume":"340","first-page":"c2442","unstructured":"Collins GS, Altman DG. An independent and external validation of QRISK2 cardiovascular disease risk score: a prospective open cohort study. BMJ. 2010;340:c2442.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"BMJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41372-024-01874-x","key":"2547_CR35","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"SH Kim","volume":"44","first-page":"528","unstructured":"Kim SH, El-Shibiny H, Inder T, El-Dib M. Therapeutic hypothermia for preterm infants 34-35 weeks gestational age with neonatal encephalopathy. J Perinatol. 2024;44:528–31.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J Perinatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.6613","key":"2547_CR36","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"RG Faix","volume":"179","first-page":"396","unstructured":"Faix RG, Laptook AR, Shankaran S, Eggleston B, Chowdhury D, Heyne RJ, et al. Whole-body hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy in preterm infants 33 to 35 weeks’ gestation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics. 2025;179:396–406.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/bmj-2023-078276","key":"2547_CR37","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"O Efthimiou","volume":"386","first-page":"e078276","unstructured":"Efthimiou O, Seo M, Chalkou K, Debray T, Egger M, Salanti G. Developing clinical prediction models: a step-by-step guide. BMJ. 2024;386:e078276.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"BMJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1007/s11096-016-0312-7","key":"2547_CR38","year":"2016","issue":null,"author":"HAJM de Wit","volume":"38","first-page":"915","unstructured":"de Wit HAJM, Winkens B, Mestres Gonzalvo C, Hurkens KPGM, Mulder WJ, Janknegt R, et al. The development of an automated ward independent delirium risk prediction model. Int J Clin Pharm. 2016;38:915–23.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1177/10998004241290727","key":"2547_CR39","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"Y Qiu","volume":"27","first-page":"300","unstructured":"Qiu Y, Xue W, Chen Y, He X, Zhao L, Tang M, et al. Development and validation of a prediction model for dysphagia in community-dwelling older adults. Biol Res Nurs. 2025;27:300–15.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1186/s13075-024-03383-w","key":"2547_CR40","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"Y Zeng","volume":"26","first-page":"151","unstructured":"Zeng Y, Liu R, Li S, Wei J, Luo F, Chen Y, et al. Analysis of risk factors and development of a nomogram prediction model for renal tubular acidosis in primary Sjogren syndrome patients. Arthritis Res Ther. 2024;26:151.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ejogrb.2022.07.024","key":"2547_CR41","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"GM Maher","volume":"276","first-page":"168","unstructured":"Maher GM, McKernan J, O’Byrne L, Corcoran P, Greene RA, Khashan AS, et al. Predicting risk of postpartum haemorrhage during the intrapartum period in a general obstetric population. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2022;276:168–73.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0222591","key":"2547_CR42","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"YQ Fu","volume":"14","first-page":"e0222591","unstructured":"Fu YQ, Bai K, Liu CJ. The impact of admission serum lactate on children with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0222591.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"PLoS ONE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-023-33974-7","key":"2547_CR43","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"N López Jiménez","volume":"13","first-page":null,"unstructured":"López Jiménez N, García Sánchez F, Pailos RH, Rodrigo Álvaro V, Pascual Pedreño A, Moreno Cid M, et al. Prediction of an effective cervical ripening in the induction of labour using vaginal dinoprostone. Sci Rep. 2023;13:6855.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Sci Rep","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1097/AOG.0000000000003938","key":"2547_CR44","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"MJ Beninati","volume":"136","first-page":"402","unstructured":"Beninati MJ, Ramos SZ, Danilack VA, Has P, Savitz DA, Werner EF. Prediction model for vaginal birth after induction of labor in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2020;136:402–10.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"}],"short-title":[],"update-policy":"https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy","alternative-id":["2547"],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"original-title":[],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatology"],"reference-count":44,"published-online":{"date-time":null,"timestamp":null,"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":44,"short-container-title":["J Perinatol"],"is-referenced-by-count":0},"unpaywall":{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","is_oa":true,"title":"Development of a prediction model for mortality in infants undergoing therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy","updated":"2026-01-10T04:46:20+00:00","published_date":"2026-01-05","best_oa_location":{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02547-z.pdf","pmh_id":null,"url_for_pdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02547-z.pdf","url_for_landing_page":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z"}}},"created_at":"2026-01-11T11:19:33.869Z","updated_at":"2026-01-21T12:05:26.220Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","tag_type":"condition","value":"Neonatal Encephalopathy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=385","value_numeric":385},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Prognostic Model Development (Internal Validation)","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","tag_type":"warning","value":"External validation was not reported, so generalizability is uncertain.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","tag_type":"warning","value":"Only 28‑day mortality and discrimination are reported; calibration details are not provided in the excerpt.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02547-z","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design label is non‑standard; classified here as prognostic model development with internal validation.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"National data from 385 infants with neonatal encephalopathy treated with therapeutic hypothermia across 19 hospitals (2016–2021) were used to develop and internally validate a logistic regression model (THERM) to predict 28‑day mortality.","key_result":"Forty-six infants (11.9%) died within 28 days. The final model used four predictors—prelabour Caesarean section, adrenaline use, base excess ≤−22 mmol/L, and seizures on day 1—and showed strong discrimination with an optimism‑adjusted C‑statistic of 0.885 (95% CI 0.827–0.936).","limitations":"Only internal validation was reported; no external validation. The outcome window was limited to 28‑day mortality.","practice_takeaway":"THERM uses four routine day‑1 variables to estimate 28‑day mortality risk in infants undergoing therapeutic hypothermia, offering a practical aid for early risk stratification and parental counselling."}},{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","pmid":"41490929","title":"Harnessing a neonatal encephalopathy registry for regional quality improvement efforts","journal_title":"Journal of Perinatology","journal_issn":"0743-8346","published_at":"2026-01-06T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","source_score":19,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-01-07","doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","days":"14","issn":"0743-8346","rank":"7","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"19","category":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","categories":["Obstetrics & Gynecology"],"_categories":["Obstetrics & Gynecology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","title":"Harnessing a neonatal encephalopathy registry for regional quality improvement efforts.","journal":"Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association","methods":"","results":"","abstract":"$34","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"41490929","conclusions":"In addition to providing hypothesis-generating research data, local and regional registry data can be successfully utilized for quality improvement efforts across multiple hospitals.","publication_date":"2026-01-06T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","ISSN":["0743-8346","1476-5543"],"link":[{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02533-5.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02533-5","content-type":"text/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02533-5.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["Harnessing a neonatal encephalopathy registry for regional quality improvement efforts"],"author":[{"given":"Fatima M.","family":"Al-Sammak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joshua C.","family":"Euteneuer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Townley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amanda O.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Anderson Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Peeples","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":null,"family":null,"sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"member":"297","prefix":"10.1038","source":"Crossref","volume":null,"created":{"date-time":"2026-01-05T13:16:28Z","timestamp":1767618988000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2026-01-06T01:53:17Z","timestamp":1767664397443,"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"license":[{"URL":"https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining","start":{"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"tdm"},{"URL":"https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining","start":{"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"vor"}],"subject":[],"abstract":null,"language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41372-025-02533-5"}},"subtitle":[],"assertion":[{"name":"received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Received","order":1,"value":"23 May 2025"},{"name":"revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Revised","order":2,"value":"7 November 2025"},{"name":"accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Accepted","order":3,"value":"5 December 2025"},{"name":"first_online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"First Online","order":4,"value":"5 January 2026"},{"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"},"order":1,"value":"The authors declare no competing interest."},{"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"},"order":2,"value":"All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. The University of Nebraska Medical Center Institutional Review Board approved this study as a central IRB (0639-17-EP). All subjects enrolled under the central IRB provided informed consent for their inclusion. One site chose to submit their own application due to a lack of follow up data eliminating the need to collect protected health information. The UnityPoint Health Institutional Review Board approved that site’s arm of the study (IM2019-084), including a waiver of consent."}],"deposited":{"date-time":"2026-01-06T01:02:52Z","timestamp":1767661372000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0743-8346"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-5543"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","reference":[{"DOI":"10.1016/B978-0-444-64029-1.00010-2","key":"2533_CR1","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"AJ Gunn","volume":"162","first-page":"217","unstructured":"Gunn AJ, Thoresen M. Neonatal encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;162:217–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64029-1.00010-2.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.3389/fnins.2014.00040","key":"2533_CR2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Wassink G, Gunn ER, Drury PP, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. The mechanisms and treatment of asphyxial encephalopathy. Front Neurosci. 2014;8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00040.","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/adc.2003.047985","key":"2533_CR3","year":"2005","issue":null,"author":"V Pierrat","volume":"90","first-page":"F257","unstructured":"Pierrat V, Haouari N, Liska A, Thomas D, Subtil D, Truffert P, et al. Prevalence, causes, and outcome at 2 years of age of newborn encephalopathy: population based study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90:F257–F261. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.2003.047985.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1053/j.nainr.2011.07.004","key":"2533_CR4","year":"2011","issue":null,"author":"KA Allen","volume":"11","first-page":"125","unstructured":"Allen KA, Brandon DH. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: pathophysiology and experimental treatments. Newborn Infant Nurs Rev NAINR. 2011;11:125–33. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.nainr.2011.07.004.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Newborn Infant Nurs Rev NAINR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.010","key":"2533_CR5","year":"2010","issue":null,"author":"JJ Kurinczuk","volume":"86","first-page":"329","unstructured":"Kurinczuk JJ, White-Koning M, Badawi N. Epidemiology of neonatal encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy. Early Hum Dev. 2010;86:329–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.05.010.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Early Hum Dev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJMoa1315788","key":"2533_CR6","year":"2014","issue":null,"author":"D Azzopardi","volume":"371","first-page":"140","unstructured":"Azzopardi D, Strohm B, Marlow N, Brocklehurst P, Deierl A, Eddama O, et al. Effects of hypothermia for perinatal asphyxia on childhood outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:140–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1315788.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/bmj.c363","key":"2533_CR7","year":"2010","issue":null,"author":"AD Edwards","volume":"340","first-page":"c363","unstructured":"Edwards AD, Brocklehurst P, Gunn AJ, Halliday H, Juszczak E, Levene M, et al. Neurological outcomes at 18 months of age after moderate hypothermia for perinatal hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: synthesis and meta-analysis of trial data. BMJ. 2010;340:c363. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c363.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"BMJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1002/14651858.CD003311.pub3","key":"2533_CR8","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Jacobs SE, Berg M, Hunt R, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Inder TE, Davis PG. Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;CD003311. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003311.pub3.","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1053/j.semperi.2016.09.007","key":"2533_CR9","year":"2016","issue":null,"author":"G Natarajan","volume":"40","first-page":"549","unstructured":"Natarajan G, Pappas A, Shankaran S. Outcomes in childhood following therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Semin Perinatol. 2016;40:549–55. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semperi.2016.09.007.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Semin Perinatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1542/peds.2012-0714","key":"2533_CR10","year":"2012","issue":null,"author":"KB Nelson","volume":"130","first-page":"878","unstructured":"Nelson KB, Bingham P, Edwards EM, Horbar J, Kenny M, Inder T, et al. Antecedents of neonatal encephalopathy in the Vermont Oxford Network encephalopathy registry. Pediatrics. 2012;130:878–86. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0714.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pone.0295759","key":"2533_CR11","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"E Okulu","volume":"18","first-page":"e0295759","unstructured":"Okulu E, Hirfanoglu IM, Satar M, Erdeve O, Koc E, Ozlu F, et al. An observational, multicenter, registry-based cohort study of Turkish Neonatal Society in neonates with Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. PLOS One. 2023;18:e0295759. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295759.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"PLOS One","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41372-022-01412-7","key":"2533_CR12","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"M Beltempo","volume":"42","first-page":"898","unstructured":"Beltempo M, Wintermark P, Mohammad K, Jabbour E, Afifi J, Shivananda S, et al. Variations in practices and outcomes of neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy treated with therapeutic hypothermia across tertiary NICUs in Canada. J Perinatol. 2022;42:898–906. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-022-01412-7.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J Perinatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.3770","key":"2533_CR13","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"V Quinones Cardona","volume":"6","first-page":"e233770","unstructured":"Quinones Cardona V, Rao R, Zaniletti I, Joe P, Johnson Y, DiGeronimo R, et al. Association of hospital resource utilization with neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6:e233770. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.3770.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1055/s-0040-1716341","key":"2533_CR14","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"R Rao","volume":"39","first-page":"319","unstructured":"Rao R, Mietzsch U, DiGeronimo R, Hamrick SE, Dizon MLV, Lee K, et al. Utilization of therapeutic hypothermia and neurological injury in neonates with mild hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a report from Children’s Hospital Neonatal Consortium. Am J Perinatol. 2022;39:319–28. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716341.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Am J Perinatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41372-019-0527-2","key":"2533_CR15","year":"2020","issue":null,"author":"R Rao","volume":"40","first-page":"70","unstructured":"Rao R, Lee KS, Zaniletti I, Yanowitz TD, DiGeronimo R, Dizon MLV, et al. Antimicrobial therapy utilization in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE): a report from the Children’s Hospital Neonatal Database (CHND). J Perinatol. 2020;40:70–78. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-019-0527-2.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J Perinatol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1186/s12887-019-1441-7","key":"2533_CR16","year":"2019","issue":null,"author":"MLV Dizon","volume":"19","first-page":"67","unstructured":"Dizon MLV, Rao R, Hamrick SE, Zaniletti I, DiGeronimo R, Natarajan G, et al. Practice variation in anti-epileptic drug use for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy among regional NICUs. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19:67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-019-1441-7.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"BMC Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41390-023-02763-3","key":"2533_CR17","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"M El-Dib","volume":"95","first-page":"213","unstructured":"El-Dib M, El-Shibiny H, Walsh B, Cherkerzian S, Boulanger J, Bates SV, et al. Establishing a regional registry for neonatal encephalopathy: impact on identification of gaps in practice. Pediatr Res. 2024;95:213–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-023-02763-3.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatr Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1186/1471-2431-12-84","key":"2533_CR18","year":"2012","issue":null,"author":"RH Pfister","volume":"12","first-page":"84","unstructured":"Pfister RH, Bingham P, Edwards EM, Horbar JD, Kenny MJ, Inder T, et al. The Vermont Oxford Neonatal Encephalopathy Registry: rationale, methods, and initial results. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:84. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-12-84.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"BMC Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1542/hpeds.2021-006135","key":"2533_CR19","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"E Blecharczyk","volume":"12","first-page":"29","unstructured":"Blecharczyk E, Lee L, Birnie K, Gupta A, Davis A, Van Meurs K, et al. Standardized evaluation of cord gases in neonates at risk for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Hosp Pediatr. 2021;12:29–37. https://doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2021-006135.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Hosp Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1542/peds.2014-0899","key":"2533_CR20","year":"2014","issue":null,"author":"Committee on Fetus and Newborn","volume":"133","first-page":"1146","unstructured":"Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Hypothermia and neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 2014;133:1146–50. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-0899.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.siny.2014.08.005","key":"2533_CR21","year":"2014","issue":null,"author":"SM Donn","volume":"19","first-page":"317","unstructured":"Donn SM, Chiswick ML, Fanaroff JM. Medico-legal implications of hypoxic-ischemic birth injury. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;19:317–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2014.08.005.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1155/2017/6024959","key":"2533_CR22","year":"2017","issue":null,"author":"V Fineschi","volume":"2017","first-page":null,"unstructured":"Fineschi V, Viola RV, La Russa R, Santurro A, Frati P. A controversial medicolegal issue: timing the onset of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Mediators Inflamm. 2017;2017:6024959. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6024959.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.06.007","key":"2533_CR23","year":"2016","issue":null,"author":"BS Schifrin","volume":"30","first-page":"87","unstructured":"Schifrin BS, Soliman M, Koos B. Litigation related to intrapartum fetal surveillance. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;30:87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.06.007.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/archdischild-2022-324612","key":"2533_CR24","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"EK Sewell","volume":"108","first-page":"421","unstructured":"Sewell EK, Shankaran S, McDonald SA, Hamrick S, Wusthoff CJ, Adams-Chapman I, et al. Antiseizure medication at discharge in infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy: an observational study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2023;108:421–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-324612.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.10.039","key":"2533_CR25","year":"2017","issue":null,"author":"RA Shellhaas","volume":"181","first-page":"298","unstructured":"Shellhaas RA, Chang T, Wusthoff CJ, Soul JS, Massey SL, Chu CJ, et al. Treatment duration after acute symptomatic seizures in neonates: a multicenter cohort study. J Pediatr. 2017;181:298–301.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.10.039.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"J Pediatr","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1073/pnas.222550499","key":"2533_CR26","year":"2002","issue":null,"author":"P Bittigau","volume":"99","first-page":"15089","unstructured":"Bittigau P, Sifringer M, Genz K, Reith E, Pospischil D, Govindarajalu S, et al. Antiepileptic drugs and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2002;99:15089–94. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.222550499.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJM199002083220604","key":"2533_CR27","year":"1990","issue":null,"author":"JR Farwell","volume":"322","first-page":"364","unstructured":"Farwell JR, Lee YJ, Hirtz DG, Sulzbacher SI, Ellenberg JH, Nelson KB. Phenobarbital for febrile seizures — effects on intelligence and on seizure recurrence. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:364–9. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199002083220604.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ejpn.2014.10.001","key":"2533_CR28","year":"2015","issue":null,"author":"F Pisani","volume":"19","first-page":"6","unstructured":"Pisani F, Facini C, Pavlidis E, Spagnoli C, Boylan G. Epilepsy after neonatal seizures: literature review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2015;19:6–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2014.10.001.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.siny.2018.02.001","key":"2533_CR29","year":"2018","issue":null,"author":"HC Glass","volume":"23","first-page":"218","unstructured":"Glass HC, Grinspan ZM, Shellhaas RA. Outcomes after acute symptomatic seizures in neonates. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;23:218–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.siny.2018.02.001.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.1437","key":"2533_CR30","year":"2021","issue":null,"author":"HC Glass","volume":"78","first-page":"817","unstructured":"Glass HC, Soul JS, Chang T, Wusthoff CJ, Chu CJ, Massey SL, et al. Safety of early discontinuation of antiseizure medication after acute symptomatic neonatal seizures. JAMA Neurol. 2021;78:817–25. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.1437.","article-title":null,"journal-title":"JAMA Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"}],"short-title":[],"update-policy":"https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy","alternative-id":["2533"],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"original-title":[],"container-title":["Journal of Perinatology"],"reference-count":30,"published-online":{"date-time":null,"timestamp":null,"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":30,"short-container-title":["J Perinatol"],"is-referenced-by-count":0},"unpaywall":{"doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","is_oa":false,"title":"Harnessing a neonatal encephalopathy registry for regional quality improvement efforts","updated":"2026-01-06T03:47:31+00:00","published_date":"2026-01-05","best_oa_location":null}},"created_at":"2026-01-20T15:55:50.695Z","updated_at":"2026-01-21T12:05:26.220Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","tag_type":"condition","value":"Neonatal Encephalopathy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Before-After Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","tag_type":"warning","value":"Design classification is approximate; this is a registry-based quality-improvement before–after analysis.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","tag_type":"warning","value":"Outcomes are process measures and discharge medication status; clinical outcomes (e.g., neurodevelopment) are not reported.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41372-025-02533-5","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size and number of participating hospitals are not provided.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A regional multicenter registry was created for newborns at risk for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and used to set and review biannual quality-improvement metrics across hospitals over 3 years.","key_result":"Over 3 years, cord blood gas collection in high-risk deliveries rose from a median 74% to 87%; documentation of neurological exam/encephalopathy score in infants with perinatal acidosis increased from 17% to 36%; and the proportion of infants discharged on anti-seizure medication fell from 60% to 29%.","limitations":"Sample size and number of sites are not reported; findings are based on before–after trends without a control group; reported outcomes are mainly process measures and discharge medication status, not patient-centered outcomes.","practice_takeaway":"Regional, registry-driven collaboration with shared metrics and regular feedback can improve key processes of HIE care and reduce discharge on anti-seizure medication across hospitals."}}],"initialOffset":3,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"condition","value":"Neonatal Encephalopathy"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Conditions","href":"/hub/tag/condition"},{"name":"Neonatal Encephalopathy"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"condition","hub_tag_value":"Neonatal Encephalopathy"}}}]]

Papers