2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T70d,Pneumonia remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with bacterial pathogens contributing significantly to its burden. While Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii complex are well-recognized non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGNB) causing severe pneumonia, particularly in healthcare settings, an expanding array of other, rarer NFGNB species is increasingly implicated. These species include, but are not limited to, Achromobacter spp., Ochrobactrum spp., Burkholderia spp., Aeromonas spp., Roseomonas spp., Elizabethkingia spp., Chryseobacterium spp. Alcaligenes spp., Ralstonia spp., Cupriavidus spp., Sphingomonas spp., Rhizobium spp., Empedobacter spp., and Brevundimonas spp. In this article we aim to provide a focused review of the contemporary epidemiology and specific risk factors for pneumonia caused by this diverse group of rare NFGNB, explicitly excluding P. aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and A. baumannii. We seek to delineate the emerging patterns of pneumonia associated with Achromobacter spp., Burkholderia spp., Aeromonas spp., Roseomonas spp., Elizabethkingia spp., Pandoraea spp., Sphingomonas spp., and K. gyiorum. Moreover, we discuss antimicrobial treatment strategies for pneumonia caused by rarer NFGNB including Ochrobactrum spp., Chryseobacterium spp., Alcaligenes spp., Ralstonia spp., Cupriavidus spp., Rhizobium spp., Empedobacter spp., and Brevundimonas spp. A deeper understanding of these specific epidemiological trends and risk factors is important for guiding precise diagnostic approaches, informing antimicrobial stewardship programs, and developing targeted infection prevention and control strategies with the aim of mitigating the impact of these challenging pathogens in the clinical setting.31:T6dc,The role of human rhinovirus (HRV) in adult lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) remains controversial due to limited direct evidence of alveolar tropism and age-specific clinical characterization. To determine HRV's clinical impact, validate its capacity to infect lower respiratory tract cells, and identify predictors for HRV-associated pneumonia in adults. In this retrospective study (January 2020-December 2023), all hospitalized adults screened for HRV via RT-PCR were enrolled for analysis. In BALF HRV RNA-positive patients with available transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) or transbronchial cryobiopsy (TBCB) specimens, immunofluorescence (IF) staining was used to assess infection of LRT cells. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed demographics, comorbidities, and symptoms. HRV was detected in 4.6% (437/9,544) of patients, with bimodal seasonal peaks (February-April and September-November). Co-infection occurred in 49.0% (214/437), predominantly bacteria (34.1%) and viruses (25.7%). Among the 437 HRV-positive patients, 224 cases complicated with pneumonia, but only 34 (7.8%) met the diagnostic criteria for simple viral pneumonia. Multivariate analysis identified male (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.04-6.99, P = 0.042), fever (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.52-9.44, P = 0.004) and cough (OR 7.33, 95% CI 1.64-32.83, P = 0.009) as independent predictors of simple rhinovirus pneumonia. IF staining confirmed HRV VP3 protein in TBLB/TBCB specimens in 61.5% (8/13) of cases, resolving debates about HRV's LRT cells tropism. This study provides the first histological evidence of HRV's LRT cells infection in immunocompetent adults. Despite high co-infection rates, HRV independently drives pneumonia, particularly in males and those with fever or cough.32:Ta01,Abstract Background The role of human rhinovirus (HRV) in adult lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) remains controversial due to limited direct evidence of alveolar tropism and age-specific clinical characterization. Objectives To determine HRV’s clinical impact, validate its capacity to infect lower respiratory tract cells, and identify predictors for HRV-associated pneumonia in adults. Methods In this retrospective study (January 2020–December 2023), all hospitalized adults screened for HRV via RT-PCR were enrolled for analysis. In BALF HRV RNA-positive patients with available transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) or transbronchial cryobiopsy (TBCB) specimens, immunofluorescence (IF) staining was used to assess infection of LRT cells. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed demographics, comorbidities, and symptoms. Results HRV was detected in 4.6% (437/9,544) of patients, with bimodal seasonal peaks (February–April and September–November). Co-infection occurred in 49.0% (214/437), predominantly bacteria (34.1%) and viruses (25.7%). Among the 437 HRV-positive patients, 224 cases complicated with pneumonia, but only 34 (7.8%) met the diagnostic criteria for simple viral pneumonia. Multivariate analysis identified male (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.04-6.99, P = 0.042), fever (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.52–9.44, P = 0.004) and cough (OR 7.33, 95% CI 1.64–32.83, P = 0.009) as independent predictors of simple rhinovirus pneumonia. IF staining confirmed HRV VP3 protein in TBLB/TBCB specimens in 61.5% (8/13) of cases, resolving debates about HRV’s LRT cells tropism. Conclusions This study provides the first histological evidence of HRV’s LRT cells infection in immunocompetent adults. Despite high co-infection rates, HRV independently drives pneumonia, particularly in males and those with fever or cough. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Pneumonia: condition Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Pneumonia (condition). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. 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All summary fields are null due to insufficient source content.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-2600(26)00256-0","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample sizes referenced (e.g., >6 million ED visits) belong to cited external studies, not this editorial itself; no single study-level N applies here.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-2600(26)00256-0","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design, level of evidence, sample size, and all other structured fields cannot be determined from the title alone.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-2600(26)00256-0","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design, sample size, level of evidence, and all clinical details could not be determined from the available text.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-2600(26)00256-0","tag_type":"warning","value":"Tags are inferred from the article title only and may not accurately reflect the paper's full scope or content.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-2600(26)00256-0","tag_type":"warning","value":"The editorial was published in 2026 and references ongoing and very recent wildfire events; some cited research may not yet be fully peer-reviewed or publicly available.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-2600(26)00256-0","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is an editorial, not a primary research article—findings from cited studies are summarized without full methodological detail.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"limitations":"This is an editorial, not a primary study—evidence is synthesized selectively rather than via systematic review. The cited studies vary widely in setting, data quality, and exposure assessment methods, limiting direct comparisons.","what_studied":"This editorial reviews the respiratory health consequences of wildfire smoke exposure globally, highlighting recent large-scale epidemiological studies on wildfire-specific PM2·5 and its differential effects across populations, age groups, income levels, and racial/ethnic groups.","key_result":"Wildfire-specific PM2·5 carries greater respiratory risk than non-wildfire PM2·5 at similar doses. A multi-country study (8 countries, 2000–19) linked higher wildfire PM2·5 to increased hospitalizations for asthma, COPD, URI, influenza, and pneumonia—with highest risks in those aged ≤19 or ≥60 years and low-income communities. A US study of >6 million ED visits (2007–18) found elevated risks of acute respiratory outcomes, with Black and Hispanic individuals showing greater vulnerability.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians should recognize that children, older adults, low-income patients, and racial/ethnic minority groups face disproportionately higher respiratory risks during wildfire events—including for asthma, COPD, URI, and pneumonia. Proactive counseling on air quality monitoring and protective measures (e.g., indoor filtration, N95 use) is warranted during wildfire seasons."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","pmid":"42546916","title":"Interhospital Variation in 180-Day Infections and Associated Medicare Spending after Cardiac Surgery","journal_title":"The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery","journal_issn":"0022-5223","published_at":"2026-08-04T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-11T13:26:14.383Z","updated_at":"2026-08-11T13:26:14.383Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"age_group","value":"older_adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"category","value":"Respiratory System","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pneumonia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"condition","value":"Postoperative Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"condition","value":"Sepsis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"condition","value":"Surgical Site Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"condition","value":"Urinary Tract Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"modality","value":"Cardiac Surgery","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=239039","value_numeric":239039},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"warning","value":"The cohort is 87.1% White Medicare beneficiaries aged 74+ — findings may not generalize to younger, non-White, or non-Medicare cardiac surgery populations.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"warning","value":"The impact_flag 'practice_changing' is applied because the $441M avoidable spending projection and 23.6% spending variation attributable to infections represent a strong policy and quality-improvement signal, though causal inference is limited by study design.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2026.07.017","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study is observational using administrative claims; infection rate differences across hospitals may partly reflect coding practice variation rather than true clinical differences.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This study examined interhospital variation in 180-day postoperative infection rates (including UTI, pneumonia, sepsis, sternal wound infection, and others) among 239,039 Medicare beneficiaries undergoing cardiac surgery at 1,007 hospitals between January 2018 and June 2023, and linked those rates to Medicare spending and clinical outcomes.","key_result":"Infections occurred in 20.8% of procedures. High- vs. low-tercile infection-rate hospitals were associated with +$15,757 in mean 180-day Medicare spending per procedure (95% CI: $15,169–$16,345); infection rates explained 23.6% of spending variation. Benchmarking to the lowest tercile could prevent ~2,603 infections and ~$441M in annual Medicare payments.","limitations":"Observational Medicare claims data cannot establish causation; coding accuracy for infection diagnoses may vary by hospital. The cohort is limited to Medicare beneficiaries (mean age 74.2 years, predominantly White), limiting generalizability to younger or commercially insured populations.","practice_takeaway":"Hospitals in the highest infection-rate tercile carry a substantial cost and outcomes burden after cardiac surgery — reducing postoperative infections toward best-practice benchmarks could meaningfully cut both patient harm and healthcare spending. Cardiac surgery programs should benchmark their 180-day infection rates against low-tercile peers as a quality and cost-reduction target."}},{"doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag466","pmid":"42546169","title":"A Bayesian Re-Analysis of the GALFLU Trial of high dose versus standard dose influenza vaccine against hospitalisation outcomes","journal_title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","journal_issn":"1058-4838","published_at":"2026-08-03T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciag466","source_score":5,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-11T13:26:20.968Z","updated_at":"2026-08-11T13:26:20.968Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag466","tag_type":"age_group","value":"older_adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag466","tag_type":"category","value":"Infectious Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag466","tag_type":"condition","value":"Influenza","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag466","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pneumonia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag466","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag466","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag466","tag_type":"modality","value":"Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (High-Dose)","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag466","tag_type":"modality","value":"Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (Standard-Dose)","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag466","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Bayesian Re-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag466","tag_type":"warning","value":"Age range restricted to 65–79 years — findings may not apply to the oldest-old (≥80 years), who are at highest influenza risk.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag466","tag_type":"warning","value":"Level of evidence assigned as 2 (secondary analysis of an RCT); the underlying GALFLU trial design drives this classification, but the re-analysis itself is observational in nature.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag466","tag_type":"warning","value":"Only an abstract was provided; absolute event rates, confidence/credible intervals, and full Bayesian prior specifications are not available for review.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag466","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sex of participants is not reported in the abstract.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Bayesian re-analysis of the GALFLU trial, evaluating high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV) vs. standard-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (SD-IIV) for prevention of hospitalisation in adults aged 65–79 years.","key_result":"HD-IIV showed >80% probability of meaningful benefit (relative vaccine effectiveness >10%) against influenza-or-pneumonia-related hospitalisation compared with SD-IIV.","limitations":"Re-analysis is secondary and Bayesian; conclusions depend on prior assumptions. Only an abstract is available, limiting full assessment of methodology and effect sizes. Age range (65–79) may limit generalisability to adults ≥80 years.","practice_takeaway":"For adults aged 65–79, this Bayesian re-analysis reinforces preferring HD-IIV over SD-IIV to reduce hospitalisation risk from influenza or pneumonia. Clinicians can use this probabilistic evidence to support shared decision-making during influenza vaccine counselling."}},{"doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","pmid":"42343164","title":"Distinct immune trajectories after severe trauma identify a Th17-biased immunophenotype in chronic critical illness","journal_title":"The Journal of Immunology","journal_issn":"0022-1767","published_at":"2026-06-25T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","source_score":33,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-26T13:25:29.025Z","updated_at":"2026-06-26T13:25:29.025Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","tag_type":"category","value":"Immunology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","tag_type":"condition","value":"Chronic Critical Illness","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pneumonia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","tag_type":"condition","value":"Severe Trauma","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","tag_type":"modality","value":"Cytokine Analysis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","tag_type":"modality","value":"Immune Profiling","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Prospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size is not specified in the abstract; sample_size tag omitted.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sex of the study population is not reported in the abstract; sex tag omitted.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design is observational; no randomization. 'Prospective Cohort Study' label used rather than RCT.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/jimmun/vkag125","tag_type":"warning","value":"The impact_flag 'practice_changing' is applied cautiously — the findings are mechanistically novel and reframe CCI pathophysiology, but direct clinical practice changes await interventional validation.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Prospective immune profiling of severely injured trauma patients categorized by day-14 ICU outcome into rapid recovery, intermediate, or chronic critical illness (CCI) groups, examining immune trajectories including cell counts, T cell subsets, cytokine production, and plasma cytokine levels.","key_result":"CCI patients displayed a distinct immunophenotype — not classic immunosuppression — marked by elevated neutrophils, recovery of CD3+ T cells by day 7, preserved IFNγ production, selective CD4+ Th17 expansion, and prolonged plasma elevation of IL-17A, IL-17C, IFNγ, and IL-10; >80% of CCI patients experienced their first infection (primarily pneumonia) within 8 days of ICU admission.","limitations":"Single-center prospective cohort limits generalizability; clinical trajectory categorization is based on a day-14 cutoff, which may not capture longer-term outcomes; causality between Th17/IL-17 axis and CCI cannot be established from observational data.","practice_takeaway":"CCI after severe trauma appears driven by a persistent IL-17-skewed immune dysregulation rather than immunosuppression, suggesting that early infection surveillance (especially pneumonia in the first 4–8 days) and investigation of IL-17-targeted interventions may be warranted in this population."}},{"doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","pmid":"42322076","title":"SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection, Vaccination Status, and Dementia Risk: A Nested Case–Control Study","journal_title":"Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses","journal_issn":"1750-2640","published_at":"2026-06-19T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.70277","source_score":11,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-26T13:25:31.214Z","updated_at":"2026-06-26T13:25:31.214Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"age_group","value":"older_adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"brand","value":"Comirnaty","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"brand","value":"Spikevax","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"category","value":"Infectious Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"condition","value":"COVID-19","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"condition","value":"Dementia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pneumonia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"generic","value":"BNT162b2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"generic","value":"mRNA-1273","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"modality","value":"mRNA Vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=1145322","value_numeric":1145322},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Nested Case-Control Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"warning","value":"Findings reflect SARS-CoV-2 variants circulating before May 2022 (pre-dominant Omicron era) and may not apply to later variants or current clinical contexts.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"warning","value":"The brand tags 'Comirnaty' and 'Spikevax' are inferred from the generic names BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 used in the paper; the paper does not explicitly use brand names.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"warning","value":"The level of evidence is assigned as 3 (observational nested case-control); residual confounding cannot be excluded despite multivariable adjustment.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/irv.70277","tag_type":"warning","value":"The protective effect of vaccination on dementia diagnoses may partly reflect healthy vaccinee bias rather than a direct biological effect—authors acknowledge this limitation.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This nested case–control study (Israel, March 2020–May 2022) examined whether SARS-CoV-2 infection, disease severity, and COVID-19 vaccination status were associated with incident dementia in adults aged ≥50 years enrolled in Clalit Health Services. 27,280 dementia cases were matched 1:10 to 272,800 controls.","key_result":"SARS-CoV-2 infection was linked to 18% higher dementia odds overall (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.12–1.24), but only among hospitalized patients (mild hospitalized: OR 2.39; moderate-to-severe: OR 1.93); non-hospitalized mild COVID-19 showed no excess risk (OR 1.02). The association disappeared after 6 months (OR 1.04). Pneumonia hospitalization carried a comparable risk (OR 1.89). COVID-19 vaccination showed a dose-dependent reduction: 2 doses −7%, 3 doses −15%, 4 doses −31% lower dementia odds.","limitations":"- Study period ends May 2022, so only early pandemic variants (pre-Omicron dominance) are represented, limiting generalizability to later waves.\n- Maximum 27-month follow-up is too short to detect long-term neurodegenerative effects given dementia's prolonged prodrome.\n- Death as a competing risk could not be formally modeled in the nested case–control design, potentially biasing severity-stratified estimates.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians should not assume COVID-19 uniquely drives lasting dementia risk—the signal is confined to hospitalized patients, fades within 6 months, and mirrors pneumonia. COVID-19 vaccination (especially ≥3 doses) appears to lower short-term dementia diagnosis odds and should be encouraged in older adults."}},{"doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag328","pmid":"42281450","title":"Clinical Impact of the BIOFIRE® FILMARRAY® Pneumonia Panel in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System: A Difference-in-Differences Study","journal_title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","journal_issn":"1058-4838","published_at":"2026-06-12T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciag328","source_score":17,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-18T13:24:23.282Z","updated_at":"2026-06-18T13:24:23.282Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag328","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag328","tag_type":"brand","value":"BioFire FilmArray Pneumonia Panel","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag328","tag_type":"category","value":"Infectious Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag328","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pneumonia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag328","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag328","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag328","tag_type":"modality","value":"Rapid Multiplex PCR Diagnostics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag328","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=11746","value_numeric":11746},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag328","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag328","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag328","tag_type":"warning","value":"'Impact_flag' set to practice_changing reflects significant stewardship improvements; however, overall mortality benefit was not statistically significant in the full cohort.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag328","tag_type":"warning","value":"The difference-in-differences design adjusts for secular trends including COVID-19, but residual confounding from unmeasured site-level factors cannot be excluded.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag328","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study population is predominantly male veterans in VA ICUs, which may limit generalizability to civilian or mixed-sex populations.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This national, multicenter retrospective study evaluated the BIOFIRE® FILMARRAY® Pneumonia (PN) Panel in ICU patients with pneumonia across Veterans Health Administration hospitals, comparing 4,523 patients at PN Panel–implementing sites vs. 7,223 at matched controls using a difference-in-differences framework with inverse probability weighting.","key_result":"PN Panel implementation was associated with higher rates of early antimicrobial de-escalation (aRR 1.14; 95% CI 1.04–1.26 overall; aRR 1.23; 95% CI 1.02–1.50 in culture-positive patients) and early appropriate therapy in culture-positive patients (aRR 1.11; 95% CI 1.04–1.18); ICU mortality was lower in culture-positive patients (aRR 0.70; 95% CI 0.50–0.97), though overall ICU and 30-day mortality did not differ.","limitations":"- Retrospective observational design limits causal inference despite difference-in-differences adjustment.\n- Findings are from a VA ICU population (predominantly male veterans), which may limit generalizability to other settings.\n- Benefit was most pronounced at hospitals with greater antimicrobial stewardship capacity, meaning results may not apply to resource-limited institutions.","practice_takeaway":"The PN Panel can meaningfully improve antibiotic de-escalation and appropriate early therapy in critically ill pneumonia patients—but pair it with a robust antimicrobial stewardship program to get the most benefit. Institutions with limited ASP capacity should invest in stewardship infrastructure alongside rapid diagnostic adoption."}},{"doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag276","pmid":"42191671","title":"Pneumonia and in-hospital mortality in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a nationwide population-based registry study in Spain","journal_title":"Rheumatology","journal_issn":"1462-0324","published_at":"2026-05-26T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keag276","source_score":1,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-05T13:26:45.246Z","updated_at":"2026-06-05T13:26:45.246Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag276","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag276","tag_type":"category","value":"Rheumatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag276","tag_type":"condition","value":"ANCA-Associated Vasculitis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag276","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pneumonia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag276","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"safety_signal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag276","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag276","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=12378","value_numeric":12378},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag276","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag276","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag276","tag_type":"warning","value":"AAV subtype breakdown (GPA, MPA, EGPA) is not reported in the abstract, limiting subgroup-specific conclusions.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag276","tag_type":"warning","value":"Severity-of-illness and risk-of-mortality indices are administrative proxies; they may not perfectly align with validated clinical disease activity tools used in rheumatology practice.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/keag276","tag_type":"warning","value":"The temporal increase in in-hospital mortality (IRR 1.13/year) should be interpreted cautiously given potential coding changes and pandemic-era confounding over the study period.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Nationwide retrospective analysis of Spanish hospital discharges (2016–2023) examining the incidence, predictors, and impact of pneumonia among 12,378 hospitalised patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), using ICD-10 codes and multivariable logistic regression.","key_result":"10.3% of AAV hospitalisations had pneumonia; pneumonia was associated with nearly 3× higher in-hospital mortality (14.9% vs 4.4%), doubled ICU admission rates (13.5% vs 6.5%), longer median stays (22 vs 17 days), and was an independent predictor of death (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.63–2.37). Overall in-hospital AAV mortality rose by 13% per year (IRR 1.13, p<0.001).","limitations":"- Retrospective administrative registry; clinical detail (e.g., AAV subtype, specific immunosuppressive regimens, disease activity scores) is limited by ICD-10 coding accuracy.\n- Single-country data (Spain) may limit generalisability to other healthcare systems.\n- COVID-19 pandemic years (2021–2022) created a temporal confound, particularly inflating viral pneumonia rates.","practice_takeaway":"Roughly 1 in 10 hospitalised AAV patients develops pneumonia, which nearly doubles the odds of in-hospital death — clinicians should prioritise proactive infection prevention (e.g., prophylaxis, vaccination) and early aggressive treatment of pneumonia in this population.\nPatients with extreme severity-of-illness scores carry the highest case fatality risk (27.1%) and warrant close monitoring or early ICU escalation."}},{"doi":"10.3390/antibiotics15050465","pmid":null,"title":"Managing Pneumonia Due to Rare Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacteria: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Therapeutic Strategies","journal_title":"Antibiotics","journal_issn":"2079-6382","published_at":"2026-05-04T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15050465","source_score":15,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-05-05","doi":"10.3390/antibiotics15050465","days":"14","issn":"2079-6382","rank":"9","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"15","category":"Infectious Diseases","categories":["Infectious Diseases"],"_categories":["Infectious Diseases"]},"pubmed":null,"crossref":{"DOI":"10.3390/antibiotics15050465","URL":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15050465","ISSN":["2079-6382"],"link":[{"URL":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/15/5/465/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":"465","type":"journal-article","issue":"5","score":1,"title":["Managing Pneumonia Due to Rare Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacteria: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Therapeutic Strategies"],"author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Capone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systemic and Immune Depression-Associated Infections Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Gavaruzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systemic and Immune Depression-Associated Infections Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Antonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Biobank Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Rotondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Biobank Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Al Moghazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systemic and Immune Depression-Associated Infections Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Emanuela","family":"Caraffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systemic and Immune Depression-Associated Infections Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Pierangelo","family":"Chinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systemic and Immune Depression-Associated Infections Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Biobank Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Cicalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systemic and Immune Depression-Associated Infections Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}]}],"funder":[{"id":[{"id":"10.13039/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"DOI":"10.13039/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","award":["“Ricerca Corrente, Linea 3”"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["“Ricerca Corrente, Linea 3”"]}],"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":[{"id":"https://ror.org/00789fa95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"award":["“Ricerca Corrente, Linea 3”"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["“Ricerca Corrente, Linea 3”"]}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"member":"1968","prefix":"10.3390","source":"Crossref","volume":"15","created":{"date-time":"2026-05-05T07:57:29Z","timestamp":1777967849000,"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2026-05-05T09:16:14Z","timestamp":1777972574562,"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"license":[{"URL":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","start":{"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000,"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"vor"}],"subject":[],"abstract":"$30","language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/15/5/465"}},"subtitle":[],"deposited":{"date-time":"2026-05-05T08:41:30Z","timestamp":1777970490000,"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-6382"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"publisher":"MDPI AG","reference":[{"DOI":null,"key":"ref_1","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2026, January 01). Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs): About HAIs, Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/healthcare-associated-infections/index.html.","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1164/rccm.200405-644ST","key":"ref_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"American Thoracic Society, and Infectious Diseases Society of America (2005). Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 171, 388–416.","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.3390/antibiotics14030306","key":"ref_3","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Geremia, N., Marino, A., De Vito, A., Giovagnorio, F., Stracquadanio, S., Colpani, A., Di Bella, S., Madeddu, G., Parisi, S.G., and Stefani, S. (2025). Rare or Unusual Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacteria: Therapeutic Approach and Antibiotic Treatment Options. Antibiotics, 14.","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.2147/IDR.S387370","key":"ref_4","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"Adan","volume":"15","first-page":"6297","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Epidemiology of Multidrug Resistant Non-Fermentative Gram-Negative Bacilli in Patients with Hospital Acquired Pneumonia: An Alarming Report from Somalia","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.1007/s15010-024-02342-6","key":"ref_5","year":"2025","issue":null,"author":"Casale","volume":"53","first-page":"183","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Clinical and microbiological features of positive blood culture episodes caused by non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli other than Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter species (2020-2023)","journal-title":"Infection","doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.4103/0974-777X.121996","key":"ref_6","year":"2013","issue":null,"author":"Chawla","volume":"5","first-page":"144","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Nonfermenting Gram-negative Bacilli other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter Spp. Causing Respiratory Tract Infections in a Tertiary Care Center","journal-title":"J. Glob. Infect. 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No original patient data or meta-analytic pooling were performed.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians should maintain a broad differential for NFGNB pneumonia beyond the usual suspects, especially in immunocompromised, cystic fibrosis, or healthcare-exposed patients. Antimicrobial stewardship programs should incorporate organism-specific guidance for these rare pathogens, as resistance profiles vary widely by genus."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","pmid":"42081210","title":"Changes in Nonprofit Hospitals’ Finances, Operations, and Quality of Care After Using Management Consultants","journal_title":"JAMA","journal_issn":"0098-7484","published_at":"2026-05-04T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2026.5027","source_score":395,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-08T13:23:35.231Z","updated_at":"2026-05-08T13:23:35.231Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"category","value":"Medicine, General & Internal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"condition","value":"Acute Myocardial Infarction","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hospital Financial Performance","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pneumonia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"condition","value":"Stroke","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"modality","value":"Management Consulting Services","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=819","value_numeric":819},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Observational Study (Difference-in-Differences)","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"warning","value":"No specific consulting firm names are analyzed separately; heterogeneity across firms or contract types cannot be assessed from this data.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"warning","value":"The difference-in-differences design helps control for baseline differences, but hospitals that hire consultants may systematically differ from controls in ways that are hard to measure (e.g., governance culture, pre-existing distress trajectory), limiting causal inference.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"warning","value":"The single statistically significant finding (stroke 30-day readmission) was not robust to sensitivity analyses and should not be interpreted as a reliable signal.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.5027","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study covers first-time consulting engagements only; results may not generalize to long-term or repeated consulting relationships.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Observational stacked difference-in-differences study comparing 306 US nonprofit hospitals that first hired a management consulting firm (2010–2022) against 513 matched controls that did not, tracking financial, operational, and quality-of-care outcomes through 2023.","key_result":"Nonprofit hospitals spent an average of $15.7 million per engagement ($7.8 billion collectively, 2009–2023), yet no meaningful improvements were found: net patient revenue changed −2.22% (95% CI, −5.11% to 0.76%), operating margin +0.15 percentage points (95% CI, −0.94 to 1.23), and nearly all quality and operational measures were non-significant. The only significant finding—a +1.37 percentage-point increase in 30-day stroke readmission—was not robust to alternative specifications.","limitations":"- Observational design cannot fully rule out unmeasured confounding (e.g., hospitals may hire consultants precisely when already in financial distress).\n- Study captures only first-time consulting engagements; effects of repeated or ongoing relationships are not assessed.\n- Claims-based quality measures may not capture all clinically relevant outcomes influenced by consulting work.","practice_takeaway":"Hospital leaders and boards should critically scrutinize contracts with management consulting firms: available evidence shows no measurable gain in finances, operations, or patient outcomes despite an average $15.7 million spend. Until better evidence of benefit exists, institutions should demand clear, pre-specified performance benchmarks before engaging consultants."}},{"doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","pmid":"42078194","title":"Multidimensional Healthy Sleep Characteristics and Pneumonia Risk: A Large-scale, Population-based Prospective Cohort Study","journal_title":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases","journal_issn":"2328-8957","published_at":"2026-04-21T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofag233","source_score":15,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-07T22:50:43.841Z","updated_at":"2026-05-07T22:50:43.841Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"age_group","value":"older_adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"category","value":"Infectious Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"condition","value":"Acute Lower Respiratory Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"condition","value":"Insomnia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pneumonia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"condition","value":"Respiratory Failure","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"condition","value":"Sleep Disturbance","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=361,589","value_numeric":361589},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Prospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"warning","value":"Snoring was the only sleep component not significantly associated with pneumonia risk; authors note it is an imprecise proxy for clinically significant OSA.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"warning","value":"The composite sleep score equally weights all 5 dimensions; this does not reflect differential biological importance and may mask the contribution of individual components.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"warning","value":"The UK Biobank cohort is predominantly White, middle-to-older aged, and volunteer-based, which may limit generalizability to other populations or age groups outside 40–69 years.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/ofid/ofag233","tag_type":"warning","value":"Vaccination status (influenza and pneumococcal) was not available as a covariate, which is a notable unmeasured confounder for pneumonia outcomes.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This prospective cohort study of 361,589 UK Biobank participants (mean age 56.1 years; 46.1% male) examined whether a composite 5-component healthy sleep score — covering sleep duration, chronotype, insomnia symptoms, snoring, and daytime sleepiness — was associated with incident pneumonia over a median 13.2-year follow-up.","key_result":"Healthy sleep (score 4–5) was associated with a **26% lower risk** of all-cause pneumonia vs. poor sleep (adjusted HR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.69–0.80; 20,116 events). The effect was graded: intermediate sleep showed HR 0.83 (95% CI: 0.77–0.89). At 10 years, absolute risk reduction was 2.81% (NNTB: 36, 95% CI: 31–44). Bacterial pneumonia showed the strongest inverse association (HR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.45–0.80). The strongest individual components were absence of daytime sleepiness (HR: 0.79) and absence of insomnia symptoms (HR: 0.88). Associations were stronger in adults <60 years and in females (both P-interaction <0.001).","limitations":"- Sleep variables were **self-reported at a single baseline** with no objective measures (e.g., actigraphy), risking misclassification and preventing assessment of change over time.\n- **Vaccination status was unavailable**, a potentially important confounder for pneumonia risk.\n- The cohort is predominantly White UK adults aged 40–69 years (volunteer sample), limiting generalizability; the composite score equally weights all 5 dimensions regardless of biological importance.","practice_takeaway":"Patients with multiple sleep problems — especially frequent insomnia and daytime sleepiness — may face meaningfully higher pneumonia risk; clinicians can use this as motivation to address sleep holistically, starting with evidence-based treatments like CBT-I for insomnia. These findings are **hypothesis-generating**: whether treating sleep disturbances reduces pneumonia incidence remains unproven."}},{"doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","pmid":"41592284","title":"A retrospective, real-world study of IV iron use to treat iron deficiency anemia during acute infection","journal_title":"Blood","journal_issn":"0006-4971","published_at":"2026-01-27T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2025031965","source_score":42,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-24T13:23:15.138Z","updated_at":"2026-05-24T13:23:15.138Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"category","value":"Hematology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"condition","value":"Cellulitis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"condition","value":"Colitis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"condition","value":"Iron Deficiency Anemia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"condition","value":"MRSA Bacteremia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pneumonia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"condition","value":"Urinary Tract Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"modality","value":"Intravenous Iron","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size not explicitly reported in the abstract or extracted full text; total N could not be tagged.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"warning","value":"The full text pages contained mostly supplemental figure legends and abbreviation keys; key methodology details (e.g., specific IV iron formulations, dosing) were not extractable from the provided content.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1182/blood.2025031965","tag_type":"warning","value":"The 'practice_changing' impact flag is applied cautiously — authors themselves call for prospective confirmation before guidelines change.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This retrospective cohort study used the TriNetX Research Network (2000–June 2025) to evaluate the safety and efficacy of IV iron in adults with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and one of five acute infections (MRSA bacteremia, pneumonia, UTI, colitis, or cellulitis) who received antibiotics within 2 days; propensity-matched 1:1 analysis compared IV iron vs. no IV iron.","key_result":"IV iron was associated with significantly higher 14-day and 90-day survival across all infection types (e.g., MRSA bacteremia: 97.6% vs. 95.0% at 14 days, 88.6% vs. 83.8% at 90 days; p<.001 for each) and greater hemoglobin recovery at 60–90 days (e.g., +1.3–1.5 g/dL with IV iron vs. +0.7–1.0 g/dL without; all p<.001).","limitations":"- Retrospective design limits causal inference; residual confounding may persist despite propensity matching.\n- Data drawn from a federated network (TriNetX), so IV iron dose, formulation, and timing relative to infection onset are not well characterized.\n- Out-of-hospital antibiotic use and antibiotic regimen changes are not fully captured, potentially skewing secondary outcomes like antibiotic days.","practice_takeaway":"In hospitalized adults with IDA and acute bacterial infection on antibiotics, IV iron appears safe and may improve both survival and anemia recovery — clinicians need not routinely withhold it. Prospective trials are still needed before this changes formal guidelines."}},{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","pmid":"41457011","title":"Rhinovirus-associated lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized adult patients: a retrospective cohort study","journal_title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","journal_issn":"0022-1899","published_at":"2025-12-29T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","source_score":28,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2025-12-31","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","days":"14","issn":"0022-1899","rank":"2","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"28","category":"Infectious Diseases","categories":["Infectious Diseases"],"_categories":["Infectious Diseases"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","title":"Rhinovirus-associated lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized adult patients: a retrospective cohort study.","journal":"The Journal of infectious diseases","methods":"","results":"HRV was detected in 4.6% (437/9,544) of patients, with bimodal seasonal peaks (February-April and September-November). Co-infection occurred in 49.0% (214/437), predominantly bacteria (34.1%) and viruses (25.7%). Among the 437 HRV-positive patients, 224 cases complicated with pneumonia, but only 34 (7.8%) met the diagnostic criteria for simple viral pneumonia. Multivariate analysis identified male (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.04-6.99, P = 0.042), fever (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.52-9.44, P = 0.004) and cough (OR 7.33, 95% CI 1.64-32.83, P = 0.009) as independent predictors of simple rhinovirus pneumonia. IF staining confirmed HRV VP3 protein in TBLB/TBCB specimens in 61.5% (8/13) of cases, resolving debates about HRV's LRT cells tropism.","abstract":"$31","keywords":["immunofluorescence staining","lower respiratory infection","rhinovirus","risk factors"],"pubmed_id":"41457011","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2025-12-29T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"link":[{"URL":"https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiaf651/66141771/jiaf651.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiaf651/66141771/jiaf651.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["Rhinovirus-associated lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized adult patients: a retrospective cohort study"],"author":[{"given":"Rongling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Shandong ,"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weifang second people's hospital , Shandong ,"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Zeyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Jiuyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Dingrong","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing ,"},{"name":"Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing ,"},{"name":"National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing ,"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"member":"286","prefix":"10.1093","source":"Crossref","volume":null,"created":{"date-time":"2025-12-24T12:59:33Z","timestamp":1766581173000,"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2025-12-29T02:55:57Z","timestamp":1766976957834,"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"license":[{"URL":"https://academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights","start":{"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000,"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"am"}],"subject":[],"abstract":"$32","language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiaf651/8405884"}},"subtitle":[],"deposited":{"date-time":"2025-12-29T02:53:52Z","timestamp":1766976832000,"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-1899"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1537-6613"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","reference":null,"short-title":[],"article-number":"jiaf651","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"original-title":[],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"reference-count":0,"published-online":{"date-time":null,"timestamp":null,"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"references-count":0,"short-container-title":[],"is-referenced-by-count":0},"unpaywall":{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","is_oa":false,"title":"Rhinovirus-associated lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized adult patients: a retrospective cohort study","updated":"2025-12-31T00:49:43+00:00","published_date":"2025-12-24","best_oa_location":null}},"created_at":"2026-01-11T11:19:33.869Z","updated_at":"2026-01-11T11:19:33.869Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"category","value":"Infectious Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pneumonia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"condition","value":"Rhinovirus Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=9544","value_numeric":9544},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"warning","value":"Definition and diagnostic criteria for “simple viral pneumonia” are not described here.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"warning","value":"Histology findings are based on only 13 biopsy/cryobiopsy cases.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"warning","value":"Primary outcome is not explicitly defined; multiple outcomes are reported.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"warning","value":"Whether bacterial and viral co-infections overlapped is unclear.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A retrospective cohort (January 2020–December 2023) of hospitalized adults tested for human rhinovirus (HRV) by RT-PCR evaluated detection, seasonality, co-infections, pneumonia burden, and histologic evidence of lower airway infection. In HRV RNA–positive cases with available TBLB/TBCB, immunofluorescence for HRV VP3 was performed, and multivariable logistic regression identified predictors of simple rhinovirus pneumonia.","key_result":"HRV was detected in 4.6% (437/9,544); co-infection occurred in 49.0% (214/437), and 224 HRV-positive patients had pneumonia, with 34 (7.8%) meeting criteria for simple viral pneumonia. HRV VP3 was identified by immunofluorescence in 61.5% (8/13) of lung biopsy/cryobiopsy specimens; male sex (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.04–6.99), fever (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.52–9.44), and cough (OR 7.33, 95% CI 1.64–32.83) independently predicted simple rhinovirus pneumonia.","limitations":"Retrospective design limited to hospitalized adults. Histologic confirmation was available in only 13 cases, and nearly half of HRV-positive patients had co-infections, complicating attribution.","practice_takeaway":"In hospitalized adults, HRV can independently cause pneumonia; consider HRV in the differential when RT-PCR is positive, especially in male patients with fever and cough. Histology showing HRV VP3 in lung tissue supports true lower airway infection rather than mere colonization."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","pmid":"41207370","title":"Incidence of Respiratory Infections after the COVID-19 Pandemic (2023–2024) and Its Association of Vaccination Among Entire Populations in Korea","journal_title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","journal_issn":"1201-9712","published_at":"2025-11-10T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","source_score":387,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2025-11-08","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","days":"30","issn":"1201-9712","rank":"1","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"387","category":"Infectious Diseases","categories":["Infectious Diseases"],"_categories":["Infectious Diseases"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","title":"Incidence of Respiratory Infections after the COVID-19 Pandemic (2023-2024) and Its Association of Vaccination Among Entire Populations in Korea.","journal":"International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases","methods":"","results":"","abstract":"Objectives We aimed to investigate nationwide trends in respiratory infections during and after the COVID-19 pandemic and to evaluate the risk according to the COVID-19 vaccine dose. Methods Using the database, which integrates the insurance claims and vaccination records for the entire Korean population (N=51,645,564), trends were assessed using SARIMAX models. We assessed associations between the doses that have been received until June 1, 2023, and the onset of respiratory infections, using Cox hazard and Fine-Gray models. Results Compared with pre-pandemic levels (2017-2019), influenza like illness (ILI) and pneumonia incidences dropped by over 90% during 2020-2021, followed by a resurgence of upper respiratory tract infection (URI) and common cold in 2023-2024. Pertussis incidence rose 46-fold above expected levels in late 2023. Individuals (≥4","keywords":["COVID-19 vaccine","Post-COVID","respiratory infectious diseases"],"pubmed_id":"41207370","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2025-11-10T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","ISSN":["1201-9712"],"link":[{"URL":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1201971225004163?httpAccept=text/xml","content-type":"text/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S1201971225004163?httpAccept=text/plain","content-type":"text/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"page":"108194","type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["Incidence of Respiratory Infections after the COVID-19 Pandemic (2023–2024) and Its Association of Vaccination Among Entire Populations in Korea"],"author":[{"given":"Jihun","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Seogsong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Asaph Young","family":"Chun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaehun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sun Jae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sang Min","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"funder":[{"id":[{"id":"10.13039/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"DOI":"10.13039/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["NRF-2022R1A2C2092076","RS-2023-00227944"],"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"member":"78","prefix":"10.1016","source":"Crossref","volume":null,"created":{"date-time":"2025-11-08T02:02:18Z","timestamp":1762567338000,"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2025-11-21T16:36:45Z","timestamp":1763743005580,"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"license":[{"URL":"https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/","start":{"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000,"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"tdm"},{"URL":"https://www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license","start":{"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000,"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"tdm"},{"URL":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","start":{"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000,"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"delay-in-days":4,"content-version":"vor"}],"subject":[],"abstract":null,"language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1201971225004163"}},"subtitle":[],"assertion":[{"name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by","value":"Elsevier"},{"name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title","value":"Incidence of Respiratory Infections after the COVID-19 Pandemic (2023–2024) and Its Association of Vaccination Among Entire Populations in Korea"},{"name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title","value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version","value":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194"},{"name":"content_type","label":"Content Type","value":"article"},{"name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","value":"© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases."}],"deposited":{"date-time":"2025-11-21T16:33:24Z","timestamp":1763742804000,"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1201-9712"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"publisher":"Elsevier BV","reference":[{"DOI":null,"key":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194_bib0001","year":"2022","issue":"1","author":"Liu","volume":"8","first-page":"21","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Market, Complexity. 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Respiratory mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after mRNA vaccination. 2022;7(76):eadd4853.","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"}],"short-title":[],"update-policy":"https://doi.org/10.1016/elsevier_cm_policy","alternative-id":["S1201971225004163"],"article-number":"108194","content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"original-title":[],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"reference-count":45,"published-online":null,"references-count":45,"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"is-referenced-by-count":0},"unpaywall":{"doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","is_oa":true,"title":"Incidence of Respiratory Infections after the COVID-19 Pandemic (2023–2024) and Its Association of Vaccination Among Entire Populations in Korea","updated":"2025-11-09T00:29:14+00:00","published_date":"2025-11-01","best_oa_location":{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","pmh_id":null,"url_for_pdf":null,"url_for_landing_page":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194"}}},"created_at":"2025-12-04T03:42:26.941Z","updated_at":"2025-12-08T12:24:58.509Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","tag_type":"category","value":"Infectious Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","tag_type":"condition","value":"Influenza-Like Illness","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pertussis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pneumonia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","tag_type":"condition","value":"Upper Respiratory Tract Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=51,645,564","value_numeric":51645564},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","tag_type":"warning","value":"Abstract text appears truncated; results on vaccine‑dose associations are incomplete.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","tag_type":"warning","value":"Design combines national time‑series modeling with cohort hazard analyses; study design label may be imprecise.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","tag_type":"warning","value":"Only relative changes are reported; absolute case counts are not provided in the excerpt.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A nationwide analysis using integrated insurance claims and vaccination records for the entire Korean population (N=51,645,564) evaluated respiratory infection trends from pre‑pandemic (2017–2019) through the pandemic and into 2023–2024. It also examined the association between the number of COVID‑19 vaccine doses received by June 1, 2023 and subsequent respiratory infections using SARIMAX, Cox hazard, and Fine‑Gray models.","key_result":"Compared with 2017–2019, influenza‑like illness (ILI) and pneumonia incidences fell by over 90% during 2020–2021, then upper respiratory tract infections and common colds resurged in 2023–2024; pertussis incidence rose 46‑fold above expected in late 2023.","practice_takeaway":"In Korea, anticipate a rebound of URIs/common colds in 2023–2024 and a sharp pertussis surge in late 2023; keep a low threshold for testing and case detection for pertussis."}}],"initialOffset":13,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"condition","value":"Pneumonia"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Conditions","href":"/hub/tag/condition"},{"name":"Pneumonia"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"condition","hub_tag_value":"Pneumonia"}}}]]

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