2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:Tbf7,Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects women globally, but its prevalence across World Health Organization (WHO) regions has not previously been reported. We aimed to synthesize evidence on the prevalence of PCOS by diagnostic criteria and by WHO geographic regions to inform the International Evidence-Based PCOS Guideline. A systematic search of OVID MEDLINE, All EBM, PsycInfo, EMBASE, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature was conducted from 1990 to November 2024. Studies assessing PCOS prevalence in an unselected population were included. Non-primary studies or those with unclear diagnostic criteria were excluded. The primary outcome was PCOS prevalence among adult women. The secondary outcome was PCOS prevalence among women of all ages. Random effects meta-analysis using the DerSimonian and Laird method was applied for estimating the overall effect size. Two reviewers independently assessed risk-of-bias (RoB) and evidence certainty. The search yielded 16 664 articles, of which 119 unique studies (in 137 articles) were eligible, and 92 (including 157 181 participants) were pooled in a meta-analysis. By diagnostic criteria, PCOS global prevalence among adult women only was 12.1% (95% CI: 9.8, 14.8; I2: 98.8%) using Rotterdam criteria, 7.9% (95% CI: 6.2, 9.9; I2: 96.2%) using the original National Institute of Health (NIH) criteria, 12.7% (95% CI: 8.2, 17.9; I2: 98.0%) using the Androgen Excess (AE)-PCOS criteria, and 7.8% (95% CI: 5.8, 10.0; I2: 99.4%) by self-report. By WHO regions, PCOS prevalence among adult women when using Rotterdam criteria was highest in the Eastern Mediterranean region (15.1%; 95% CI: 11.1, 19.7) and the South-East Asian region (14.3%; 95% CI: 5.8, 25.9), followed by the European region (11.7%; 95% CI: 5.1, 20.3), the region of the Americas (10.5%; 95% CI: 3.0, 21.7), and the Western Pacific region (9.1%; 95% CI: 6.2, 12.5), with no data from Africa. Subgroup analysis using Cochran's Q test indicated a statistically significant difference in prevalence by WHO region (P = 0.022). Subgroup analyses including adolescents yielded a lower prevalence globally, with a global prevalence of 11.4% (95% CI: 9.5, 13.5) by Rotterdam criteria, 7.1% (95% CI: 5.7, 8.7) by NIH criteria, 11.2% (95% CI: 7.4, 15.5) by AE-PCOS criteria, and 7.6% (95% CI: 5.8, 9.6) on self-report. Of the 119 studies, 30 had low, 49 had moderate, and 40 had high RoB. Certainty of evidence ranged from very low to low. This is the most comprehensive and contemporary review of PCOS prevalence and highlights past inconsistencies in diagnostic criteria and individual diagnostic features. Pooled PCOS prevalence was 12.1% by the Rotterdam criteria and was highest in the Eastern Mediterranean and the South-East Asian regions, with a potentially different health burden of PCOS across world regions. These findings directly inform International PCOS Guidelines, including updated guideline diagnostic criteria and refined individual features, emphasizing early, accurate diagnosis. PROSPERO CRD42022372029.31:Tfcb,Abstract BACKGROUND Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects women globally, but its prevalence across World Health Organization (WHO) regions has not previously been reported. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE We aimed to synthesize evidence on the prevalence of PCOS by diagnostic criteria and by WHO geographic regions to inform the International Evidence-Based PCOS Guideline. SEARCH METHODS A systematic search of OVID MEDLINE, All EBM, PsycInfo, EMBASE, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature was conducted from 1990 to November 2024. Studies assessing PCOS prevalence in an unselected population were included. Non-primary studies or those with unclear diagnostic criteria were excluded. The primary outcome was PCOS prevalence among adult women. The secondary outcome was PCOS prevalence among women of all ages. Random effects meta-analysis using the DerSimonian and Laird method was applied for estimating the overall effect size. Two reviewers independently assessed risk-of-bias (RoB) and evidence certainty. OUTCOMES The search yielded 16 664 articles, of which 119 unique studies (in 137 articles) were eligible, and 92 (including 157 181 participants) were pooled in a meta-analysis. By diagnostic criteria, PCOS global prevalence among adult women only was 12.1% (95% CI: 9.8, 14.8; I2: 98.8%) using Rotterdam criteria, 7.9% (95% CI: 6.2, 9.9; I2: 96.2%) using the original National Institute of Health (NIH) criteria, 12.7% (95% CI: 8.2, 17.9; I2: 98.0%) using the Androgen Excess (AE)-PCOS criteria, and 7.8% (95% CI: 5.8, 10.0; I2: 99.4%) by self-report. By WHO regions, PCOS prevalence among adult women when using Rotterdam criteria was highest in the Eastern Mediterranean region (15.1%; 95% CI: 11.1, 19.7) and the South-East Asian region (14.3%; 95% CI: 5.8, 25.9), followed by the European region (11.7%; 95% CI: 5.1, 20.3), the region of the Americas (10.5%; 95% CI: 3.0, 21.7), and the Western Pacific region (9.1%; 95% CI: 6.2, 12.5), with no data from Africa. Subgroup analysis using Cochran’s Q test indicated a statistically significant difference in prevalence by WHO region (P = 0.022). Subgroup analyses including adolescents yielded a lower prevalence globally, with a global prevalence of 11.4% (95% CI: 9.5, 13.5) by Rotterdam criteria, 7.1% (95% CI: 5.7, 8.7) by NIH criteria, 11.2% (95% CI: 7.4, 15.5) by AE-PCOS criteria, and 7.6% (95% CI: 5.8, 9.6) on self-report. Of the 119 studies, 30 had low, 49 had moderate, and 40 had high RoB. Certainty of evidence ranged from very low to low. WIDER IMPLICATIONS This is the most comprehensive and contemporary review of PCOS prevalence and highlights past inconsistencies in diagnostic criteria and individual diagnostic features. Pooled PCOS prevalence was 12.1% by the Rotterdam criteria and was highest in the Eastern Mediterranean and the South-East Asian regions, with a potentially different health burden of PCOS across world regions. These findings directly inform International PCOS Guidelines, including updated guideline diagnostic criteria and refined individual features, emphasizing early, accurate diagnosis. REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42022372029. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: condition Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (condition). 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Elevated m⁶A, METTL3, METTL14, and YTHDF1 positively correlated with androgen excess, AMH, and reduced oocyte fertilization rates. miR-20b was downregulated and miR-607 was upregulated.","limitations":"- The study is observational and cannot establish causality between epitranscriptomic changes and PCOS pathophysiology.\n- mRNA-level expression of WRE genes was assessed by RT-qPCR without protein-level validation.\n- Small sample size (n=23 per group) limits generalizability.","practice_takeaway":"Widespread epitranscriptomic dysregulation—particularly elevated m⁶A and imbalanced writer/eraser expression—in granulosa cells may contribute to impaired folliculogenesis and reduced fertilization in PCOS, but findings are currently foundational and not yet actionable clinically."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.1122","pmid":"42679945","title":"From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome to Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome: A Systematic Search and Historical Account of the Renaming of PCOS","journal_title":"Fertility and Sterility","journal_issn":"0015-0282","published_at":"2026-09-01T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.1122","source_score":1,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-09-10T06:20:00.473Z","updated_at":"2026-09-10T06:20:00.473Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.1122","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.1122","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.1122","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.1122","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.1122","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.1122","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.1122","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=30","value_numeric":30},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.1122","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.1122","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Systematic Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.1122","tag_type":"warning","value":"The DOI format references a future publication date (2026); today's date is confirmed as September 10, 2026, so the paper is current but very recently published.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.1122","tag_type":"warning","value":"The sample size tag (n=30) refers to eligible papers included in the systematic review, not individual patients. The broader survey involved 22,000+ respondents but is not a clinical trial population.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.08.1122","tag_type":"warning","value":"This paper was published in 2026 and references a consensus process completed in 2026; clinical implementation is still in early stages and long-term outcome data are not yet available.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This systematic review traced the historical efforts to rename polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) to polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS), screening 30 eligible papers (1995–2026) via PRISMA 2020 methodology across Medline and Embase.","key_result":"A 2026 global, patient-co-led renaming process involving 56 organisations and 22,000+ survey respondents achieved 97% consensus on the new name PMOS, with early adoption seen across coding systems, clinical guidelines, professional societies, and media.","limitations":"The review relies on published literature only (30 papers), which may underrepresent grey literature or unpublished stakeholder efforts; the long-term impact of the rename on clinical outcomes and diagnostic rates has not yet been evaluated.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians should begin adopting the term PMOS in practice, documentation, and patient communication, as the rename reflects the broader endocrine-metabolic nature of the condition and has achieved near-universal consensus. Awareness of the updated terminology will be important for coding, referrals, and patient education."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","pmid":"42665241","title":"From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) to Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS): What Obstetricians and Gynecologists Need to Know","journal_title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","journal_issn":"0002-9378","published_at":"2026-08-28T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","source_score":19,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-09-07T06:30:42.128Z","updated_at":"2026-09-07T06:30:42.128Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","tag_type":"condition","value":"Gestational Diabetes","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hyperandrogenism","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","tag_type":"condition","value":"Insulin Resistance","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"5","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Special Report / Narrative Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","tag_type":"warning","value":"No primary data are presented — all outcome associations are drawn from cited literature without formal quality grading.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design is classified as a Special Report/Narrative Review; the level of evidence (5) reflects expert opinion and consensus rather than experimental data.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.08.024","tag_type":"warning","value":"The rename from PCOS to PMOS reflects a 2026 international consensus; clinicians should verify whether their institution's coding and documentation systems have adopted the new terminology.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This special report reviews the rationale for renaming Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) to Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) following international consensus endorsed by 56 organizations, and outlines clinical implications for OBGYNs across the lifespan — including obstetric risk, screening, counseling, and long-term metabolic care.","key_result":"PMOS affects ~10–13% of reproductive-age women and is associated with elevated risks of miscarriage, gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, cesarean delivery, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, low birthweight, and small-for-gestational-age infants — many persisting after adjustment for age and BMI. Diagnostic criteria are unchanged (2 of 3: irregular cycles/ovulatory dysfunction, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, elevated AMH or polyfollicular ovarian morphology on ultrasound).","limitations":"This is a narrative special report, not a systematic review or meta-analysis; no new primary data are presented. Evidence grading of cited studies is not formally assessed. Recommendations reflect expert consensus rather than randomized trial evidence.","practice_takeaway":"At the first obstetric visit, document PMOS as an active risk modifier and integrate it into antenatal decision-support pathways for gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, and preterm birth monitoring. Routinely screen and counsel patients with PMOS for psychological, metabolic, and cardiometabolic risks from adolescence through menopause."}},{"doi":"10.1007/s43032-026-02174-9","pmid":"42627482","title":"Prenatal Androgenization Modifies H3K9me3 Binding in the Promoter of the Androgen Receptor Gene in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Adult Female Mouse","journal_title":"Reproductive Sciences","journal_issn":"1933-7191","published_at":"2026-08-21T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43032-026-02174-9","source_score":1,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-09-01T06:21:06.025Z","updated_at":"2026-09-01T06:21:06.025Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s43032-026-02174-9","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s43032-026-02174-9","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s43032-026-02174-9","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s43032-026-02174-9","tag_type":"condition","value":"Prenatal Androgenization","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s43032-026-02174-9","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s43032-026-02174-9","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"6","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s43032-026-02174-9","tag_type":"modality","value":"Epigenetic Modification","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s43032-026-02174-9","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s43032-026-02174-9","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Animal Experimental Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s43032-026-02174-9","tag_type":"warning","value":"No specific sample sizes (n per group) are reported in the abstract; statistical power cannot be assessed from available data.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s43032-026-02174-9","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study design is labeled 'Animal Experimental Study' — no standard canonical label (e.g., RCT, cohort) applies; level of evidence assigned as 6 (animal/laboratory study).","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s43032-026-02174-9","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study is conducted entirely in mice; findings may not translate directly to human PCOS pathophysiology.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This study investigated whether the repressive histone mark H3K9me3, the active mark H3K27ac, and the transcription factor SP1 are altered at the androgen receptor (Ar) gene promoter/enhancer regions in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of prenatally androgenized (PNA) female mice modelling PCOS, at postnatal day 60 (adult) and gestational day 18.5 (GD18.5).","key_result":"H3K9me3 (a repressive histone mark) was significantly increased at the Ar gene promoter in adult PNA mice (P60) compared to vehicle controls, while H3K27ac and SP1 were unchanged; this H3K9me3 increase was absent at GD18.5, suggesting the epigenetic silencing is established postnatally rather than during prenatal androgen exposure.","limitations":"The study uses a mouse model, limiting direct translation to human PCOS. The ChIP-qPCR approach does not resolve the precise postnatal timing of H3K9me3 deposition, and no intermediate developmental timepoints were examined. Sample sizes and statistical power for ARC-specific epigenetic assays in rodents are inherently constrained by tissue availability.","practice_takeaway":"This mechanistic study is preclinical and not directly actionable in the clinic, but it supports the concept that PCOS-related androgen receptor suppression in the hypothalamus is an epigenetically programmed, postnatal event—highlighting a potential developmental window for future therapeutic intervention."}},{"doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","pmid":"42571879","title":"Preconception 1-hour blood glucose as an early indicator of gestational diabetes mellitus risk in PMOS/PCOS women undergoing IVF treatment: a multi-centre cohort study","journal_title":"Human Reproduction","journal_issn":"0268-1161","published_at":"2026-08-09T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deag119","source_score":1,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-14T13:24:58.351Z","updated_at":"2026-08-14T13:24:58.351Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"condition","value":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"condition","value":"Infertility","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Morphology Of The Ovary","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"modality","value":"In Vitro Fertilization","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"modality","value":"Oral Glucose Tolerance Test","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=2571","value_numeric":2571},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"warning","value":"The absolute GDM incidence rate in this cohort is not reported in the abstract, making absolute risk estimates unavailable for clinical calibration.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"warning","value":"The paper refers to 'PMOS/PCOS' — PMOS (polycystic morphology of the ovary) and PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) are treated as a combined group; findings may not be fully generalizable to PCOS or PMOS in isolation.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humrep/deag119","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study was conducted exclusively at Chinese reproductive medicine centres, which may limit generalizability to other ethnic populations or healthcare settings.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This multi-centre retrospective cohort study evaluated whether preconception 1-h plasma glucose during a 75-g OGTT is more strongly associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) than fasting or 2-h glucose levels in 2,571 women with PMOS/PCOS undergoing their first IVF cycle at three Chinese centres (March 2018–December 2023).","key_result":"All three OGTT timepoints significantly predicted GDM, but only the 1-h glucose ≥11.6 mmol/L remained significant in the diabetic range (aOR 1.23 [1.13–1.34] per unit for 1-h vs. aOR 1.97 [1.49–2.61] for fasting and aOR 1.30 [1.17–1.45] for 2-h). The 1-h glucose association held in normal-weight and obese women but not in overweight women, and was consistent across PCOS phenotypes.","limitations":"Retrospective design limits causal inference and carries residual confounding risk; missing data required multiple imputation; subgroup analyses (by BMI and phenotype) had limited statistical power.","practice_takeaway":"For women with PMOS/PCOS preparing for IVF, consider including the 1-h glucose value from preconception OGTT screening — particularly in normal-weight and obese patients — as it may identify those at higher GDM risk beyond fasting and 2-h readings alone."}},{"doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","pmid":"42375004","title":"From Premature Adrenarche to Adult Metabolic Risk and Hyperandrogenism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","journal_title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","journal_issn":"0021-972X","published_at":"2026-06-30T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgag258","source_score":8,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-08T13:26:38.294Z","updated_at":"2026-07-08T13:26:38.294Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","tag_type":"age_group","value":"pediatric","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","tag_type":"category","value":"Endocrinology & Metabolism","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hyperandrogenism","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","tag_type":"condition","value":"Insulin Resistance","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","tag_type":"condition","value":"Metabolic Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","tag_type":"condition","value":"Premature Adrenarche","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=942","value_numeric":942},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag258","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size (n=942 total) is the sum of IPA cases (635) and controls (307) pooled across 21 studies; individual study sizes are not reported and likely small, which may inflate heterogeneity. GRADE certainty is low for most outcomes, limiting clinical confidence in the precise effect estimates.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 observational studies examining long-term metabolic and reproductive outcomes in females with idiopathic premature adrenarche (IPA) vs. age-matched controls, with outcomes assessed after menarche through February 2025.","key_result":"Females with IPA had significantly higher BMI (MD +1.4 kg/m²; 95% CI 1.0–1.9), elevated fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, higher Ferriman-Gallwey scores, DHEAS, and FAI, plus worse lipid profiles (higher triglycerides, lower HDL), increased leptin, and greater carotid intima-media thickness compared to controls (n=635 IPA vs. n=307 controls). GRADE certainty was rated low for most outcomes.","limitations":"- Small total sample (635 cases, 307 controls across 21 studies) limits precision.\n- GRADE certainty rated low for most outcomes, reflecting observational study design and likely heterogeneity.\n- Only females included; findings cannot be generalized to males.","practice_takeaway":"Girls with a history of premature adrenarche should be followed into adulthood for insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Clinicians should consider periodic screening for metabolic syndrome and PCOS features in this population."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","pmid":"42342098","title":"Early life adversity and polycystic ovary syndrome among North American pregnancy planners","journal_title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","journal_issn":"0002-9378","published_at":"2026-06-24T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","source_score":10,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-04T13:26:22.225Z","updated_at":"2026-07-04T13:26:22.225Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","tag_type":"condition","value":"Adverse Childhood Experiences","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"4","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","tag_type":"modality","value":"Epidemiology / Trauma Exposure","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=10856","value_numeric":10856},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Cross-Sectional Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","tag_type":"warning","value":"PCOS was recently renamed 'polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS)' in 2026 per the abstract, but this nomenclature change is very new and not yet widely adopted — clinicians may not recognize 'PMOS' in current practice.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study population was limited to pregnancy planners enrolled in PRESTO, which may not be representative of all women with PCOS or all women who experienced ACEs.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajog.2026.06.019","tag_type":"warning","value":"The cross-sectional design means temporality between ACE exposure and PCOS diagnosis cannot be established; reverse causation cannot be excluded.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Cross-sectional analysis of 10,856 North American females aged 21–45 years in the PRESTO preconception cohort (2013–2025), evaluating whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), measured via the 8-item BRFSS ACE module and Brief Trauma Questionnaire, were associated with self-reported, physician-diagnosed PCOS.","key_result":"PCOS prevalence rose from 7.4% (no ACEs) to 14.2% (≥4 ACEs). After full adjustment, ≥4 ACEs vs. 0 carried a prevalence ratio of 1.64 (95% CI: 1.33–2.01); each additional ACE raised prevalence ~8% (PR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.05–1.11). Sexual abuse showed the strongest individual association (PR=1.82, 95% CI: 1.45–2.29).","limitations":"- Cross-sectional design prevents causal inference; PCOS diagnosis preceded or followed ACE exposure cannot be confirmed.\n- PCOS was self-reported physician diagnosis, not verified by labs or imaging, risking misclassification.\n- Supplemental questionnaire non-response (addressed via inverse probability weighting) may introduce residual selection bias.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians evaluating patients with PCOS—or those at risk—should consider routinely screening for a history of childhood adversity, as cumulative ACE burden is associated with substantially higher PCOS prevalence. Attention to trauma-informed care may be warranted in the reproductive health setting."}},{"doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","pmid":"42337201","title":"AI-enabled precision reproductive medicine: a comprehensive review of clinical applications, decision frameworks, and evidence-based implementation","journal_title":"Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics","journal_issn":"1058-0468","published_at":"2026-06-24T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","source_score":1,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-05T13:38:31.728Z","updated_at":"2026-07-05T13:38:31.728Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"condition","value":"Infertility","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"condition","value":"Male Infertility","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"condition","value":"Non-Obstructive Azoospermia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"condition","value":"Recurrent Implantation Failure","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"5","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"modality","value":"Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"modality","value":"Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"modality","value":"Deep Learning","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"modality","value":"Large Language Model","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"modality","value":"Time-Lapse Embryo Imaging","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Narrative Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"warning","value":"Full text was not accessible; summary is based on the abstract and reference list only, which may omit nuanced findings from the body of the review.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"warning","value":"The 'practice_changing' impact flag is applied cautiously — while one cited RCT (Illingworth et al., Nat Med 2024) supports AI embryo selection, the broader review itself does not generate new clinical data.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1007/s10815-026-03939-6","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a narrative review without systematic search methodology or meta-analysis; conclusions reflect author synthesis, not pooled evidence.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This comprehensive review synthesizes AI applications across the full ART continuum — including sperm/oocyte evaluation, embryo selection, pregnancy prediction, ovarian reserve assessment, and AI-powered patient communication — drawing on studies published up to 2026.","key_result":"AI tools demonstrated value across multiple ART domains: deep learning improved blastocyst selection (one RCT showed noninferiority vs. manual morphology), AI-assisted microfluidic sperm recovery enabled a first clinical pregnancy in non-obstructive azoospermia, and large language models showed potential to enhance patient health literacy and engagement in reproductive care.","limitations":"As a narrative review, it does not perform meta-analysis or quantify pooled effect sizes. Most cited AI models face challenges with data privacy, limited external validation, and poor generalizability across clinic settings and imaging systems.","practice_takeaway":"AI-based embryo selection tools (e.g., deep learning ranking systems) are now supported by RCT-level evidence for noninferiority and can be considered as adjuncts to standard morphology grading. Clinicians should remain cautious about deploying AI models outside the populations and imaging systems on which they were trained."}},{"doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","pmid":"42334964","title":"A 3.6:1 myo-inositol to D-chiro-inositol ratio and antioxidant-based food supplement before IVF improves fertility in women with PCOS: a pilot observational retrospective cohort study","journal_title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology","journal_issn":"0144-3615","published_at":"2026-06-23T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","source_score":3,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-28T13:27:15.136Z","updated_at":"2026-06-28T13:27:15.136Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"condition","value":"Infertility","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"generic","value":"D-chiro-inositol","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"generic","value":"myo-inositol","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"4","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"modality","value":"Antioxidant Supplement","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"modality","value":"Assisted Reproductive Technology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"modality","value":"Inositol Supplement","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=92","value_numeric":92},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"warning","value":"Group allocation method is not described; it is unclear whether any matching or adjustment for confounders was performed, which is a key limitation of the retrospective design.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"warning","value":"The comparator group received 'conventional supplementation,' but specific agents or doses are not detailed in the abstract, making it difficult to fully characterize the control condition.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/01443615.2026.2681759","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study is described as a 'pilot' by the authors themselves, and the small sample size may inflate apparent effect sizes — particularly for the ongoing pregnancy rate result.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This retrospective cohort pilot study evaluated whether a 3.6:1 myo-inositol:D-chiro-inositol (MYO:DCI) supplement enriched with antioxidants, taken for ≥1 month before controlled ovarian stimulation, improved IVF-ICSI outcomes in 92 women with PCOS (Rotterdam criteria) compared to conventional supplementation.","key_result":"Fertilization rates were higher in the supplement group (77.66% vs. 71.61%; p=0.03), cycles without a good-quality blastocyst were fewer (4.35% vs. 17.39%; p=0.045), and both clinical (54.39% vs. 42.65%; p=0.02) and ongoing pregnancy rates (45.61% vs. 36.76%; p=0.003) were significantly improved; oocyte yield and MII rates were similar between groups.","limitations":"- Small pilot sample (n=92) limits statistical power and generalizability.\n- Retrospective, non-randomized design introduces selection bias and limits causal inference.\n- Authors acknowledge findings require confirmation in larger prospective trials.","practice_takeaway":"For PCOS patients preparing for IVF-ICSI, a ≥1-month course of 3.6:1 MYO:DCI plus antioxidants may improve fertilization and pregnancy rates. However, clinicians should treat these results as hypothesis-generating until confirmed by a randomized controlled trial."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105821","pmid":null,"title":"NR5A2 increases inflammation and cell proliferation by regulating the nuclear factor κB pathway in polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome","journal_title":"Reproductive BioMedicine Online","journal_issn":"1472-6483","published_at":"2026-06-11T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105821","source_score":1,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":false,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-15T13:21:56.267Z","updated_at":"2026-06-15T13:21:56.267Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105821","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105821","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105821","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105821","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polyendocrine Metabolic Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105821","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105821","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"6","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105821","tag_type":"modality","value":"Nuclear Receptor Modulation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105821","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105821","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Basic Science / Mechanistic Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105821","tag_type":"warning","value":"Full paper content was not provided — only title, DOI, journal, and publication date. Summary and tags are inferred from the title and standard knowledge of the topic; specific methods, sample sizes, and results could not be verified.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105821","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design label is uncertain — the mechanistic focus (NR5A2/NF-κB) suggests a basic science or cell/animal model study, but this cannot be confirmed without the full text.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.rbmo.2026.105821","tag_type":"warning","value":"The term 'polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome' in the title may be a variant or novel framing of PCOS with comorbid metabolic/endocrine dysfunction; the exact patient population and diagnostic criteria used are unclear.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This study investigated the role of NR5A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2) in regulating inflammation and cell proliferation via the NF-κB pathway in the context of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with polyendocrine metabolic features.","key_result":"NR5A2 was found to increase inflammation and cell proliferation through activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in PCOS, suggesting it acts as a pro-inflammatory and proliferative driver in this condition.","limitations":"The paper was published only days before the extraction date; full methodological details (e.g., sample size, in vitro vs. in vivo models, human vs. animal data) are not available from the provided metadata alone, limiting critical appraisal.","practice_takeaway":"NR5A2 and the NF-κB pathway may represent novel therapeutic targets in PCOS with metabolic and inflammatory features, though clinical translation requires further study."}},{"doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","pmid":"42261726","title":"Impact of light on the human body with particular emphasis on women's reproductive health","journal_title":"Ginekologia Polska","journal_issn":"2543-6767","published_at":"2026-06-08T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.5603/gpl.110187","source_score":1,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-18T13:24:34.393Z","updated_at":"2026-06-18T13:24:34.393Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"condition","value":"Female Infertility","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"condition","value":"Menstrual Irregularity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"condition","value":"Ovulatory Dysfunction","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"5","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"modality","value":"Circadian Rhythm Modulation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"modality","value":"Light Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Narrative Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"warning","value":"Publication date (June 8, 2026) is in the near future relative to today (June 18, 2026); no access issues noted but downstream citations may be limited.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"warning","value":"The leucine-mTOR-autophagy axis as a mechanism for light-induced anovulation is described as a 'recent' finding; underlying primary study quality and replication status are not assessable from this review alone.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.5603/gpl.110187","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a narrative review without a reported systematic search strategy or formal quality appraisal of included studies — causal claims should be interpreted cautiously.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This narrative review examines how natural and artificial light exposure affects women's reproductive health — including circadian rhythm disruption, melatonin-mediated hormonal changes, and clinical outcomes such as menstrual irregularity, ovulatory dysfunction, fertility, and pregnancy outcomes.","key_result":"Light-dark cycle disruption (e.g., shift work, artificial light at night) is linked to menstrual irregularities, ovulatory dysfunction, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Continuous light exposure can induce anovulation via the leucine-mTOR-autophagy axis, and circadian misalignment correlates with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). UV light exposure supporting vitamin D synthesis is associated with improved ovarian function.","limitations":"As a narrative review, it does not include systematic search methods or meta-analytic pooling, limiting the strength of causal conclusions. No original data are presented, and the quality of included studies is not formally appraised.","practice_takeaway":"Counsel women with menstrual irregularities, ovulatory dysfunction, or PCOS about reducing artificial light at night and optimizing circadian light exposure. Consider light environment and shift-work history when evaluating reproductive concerns."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.06.002","pmid":"42252045","title":"Weight Loss Associated with Semaglutide Use is Linked to Improved Reproductive Measures in PMOS: a Proof-Of-Concept Analysis","journal_title":"Fertility and Sterility","journal_issn":"0015-0282","published_at":"2026-06-06T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.06.002","source_score":43,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-11T13:42:31.675Z","updated_at":"2026-06-11T13:42:31.675Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.06.002","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.06.002","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.06.002","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.06.002","tag_type":"generic","value":"semaglutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.06.002","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.06.002","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"4","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.06.002","tag_type":"modality","value":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.06.002","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.06.002","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Proof-of-Concept Analysis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.06.002","tag_type":"warning","value":"Only the publisher landing page was provided — no abstract, methods, results, or conclusions were accessible. All structured fields are based solely on the title and journal metadata. Sample size, key results, and practice takeaway cannot be determined. Findings should not be cited until the full text is reviewed.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.06.002","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design labeled as 'proof-of-concept analysis' — level of evidence assigned conservatively as 4; this may need revision once full methodology is available.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.06.002","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study acronym in the title appears as 'PMOS' which may be a typographical variant of 'PCOS' (polycystic ovary syndrome) or a distinct cohort/registry name — this could not be verified without full text.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This proof-of-concept analysis evaluated the association between semaglutide-induced weight loss and reproductive outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).","limitations":"Only the publisher landing page was available — no full text, methods, sample size, or outcome data could be extracted. All findings and conclusions remain unknown."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","pmid":"42217371","title":"Prevalence and outcomes of co-occurring psychiatric and endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders: An atlas based on umbrella review of 254,154,533 records","journal_title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology","journal_issn":"0924-977X","published_at":"2026-05-30T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","source_score":3,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-07T13:26:34.220Z","updated_at":"2026-06-07T13:26:34.220Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"category","value":"Clinical Neurology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"condition","value":"Anxiety Disorders","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"condition","value":"Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"condition","value":"Autism Spectrum Disorder","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"condition","value":"Dementia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"condition","value":"Diabetic Foot Ulcer","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"condition","value":"Major Depressive Disorder","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"condition","value":"Metabolic Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"condition","value":"Mild Cognitive Impairment","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"condition","value":"Obesity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"condition","value":"Schizophrenia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"condition","value":"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"condition","value":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"condition","value":"Vitamin D Deficiency","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"1","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=254154533","value_numeric":254154533},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Umbrella Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"warning","value":"Full publisher text was inaccessible due to a CAPTCHA block; all structured data are derived exclusively from the abstract.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size reflects the total number of records across all included meta-analyses, not unique individuals, so overlap between studies is likely.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.euroneuro.2026.112880","tag_type":"warning","value":"The umbrella review pools observational meta-analyses only — causal direction between psychiatric and metabolic conditions cannot be established.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"An umbrella review of 81 meta-analyses (254,154,533 records; 1,780 individual studies) examined the prevalence and clinical outcomes of co-occurring psychiatric disorders and endocrine, nutritional, or metabolic conditions, using DSM/ICD diagnostic criteria and AMSTAR-2 quality grading.","key_result":"10 of 64 prevalence estimates reached strong credibility, including MDD in diabetes mellitus (61.8%), vitamin D deficiency in schizophrenia (65.3%), anxiety in PCOS (48%), and mild cognitive impairment in type-2 diabetes (45%). Among outcomes with strong credibility: comorbid MDD roughly doubled dementia risk (RR=2.1) and raised all-cause mortality by 48% (RR=1.48) in diabetic patients; ADHD comorbidity raised HbA1c by ~0.6–0.7 SD in children with type-1 diabetes and women with type-2 diabetes.","limitations":"Only observational meta-analyses were included, limiting causal inference. Most estimates came from cross-sectional or heterogeneous studies, and many prevalence and outcome estimates did not meet strong credibility criteria (only 6.4% and 11.7%, respectively). Publisher full text was inaccessible; summary is based on the abstract alone.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians managing diabetes, PCOS, or metabolic syndrome should routinely screen for depression and anxiety, given high co-prevalence and the finding that comorbid MDD nearly doubles dementia risk and raises mortality by 48% in diabetic patients. Children with type-1 diabetes and comorbid ADHD warrant closer glycemic monitoring, as HbA1c levels are meaningfully higher in this group."}},{"doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","pmid":"42208956","title":"Beyond weight loss: multisystem benefits of obesity medications","journal_title":"The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology","journal_issn":"2213-8587","published_at":"2026-05-28T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","source_score":136,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-20T13:35:52.381Z","updated_at":"2026-07-20T13:35:52.381Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Contrave","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Mounjaro","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Ozempic","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Qsymia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Rybelsus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Saxenda","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Wegovy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"brand","value":"Zepbound","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"category","value":"Endocrinology & Metabolism","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Binge-Eating Disorder","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Cardiovascular Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Chronic Kidney Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Depression","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Heart Failure","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Neurodegenerative Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Obesity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Obstructive Sleep Apnoea","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Osteoarthritis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Substance Use Disorder","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"condition","value":"Type 2 Diabetes","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"amycretin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"cagrilintide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"liraglutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"mazdutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"naltrexone-bupropion","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"phentermine-topiramate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"retatrutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"semaglutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"survodutide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"generic","value":"tirzepatide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"modality","value":"Combination Sympathomimetic/Anticonvulsant","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"modality","value":"GIP/GLP-1 Dual Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"modality","value":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonist","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"modality","value":"Opioid Antagonist/Antidepressant Combination","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Narrative Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"warning","value":"PCOS is noted in the abstract to have been recently renamed 'polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome' — clinicians may need to search under both terms in other databases.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"warning","value":"Several investigational agents (survodutide, mazdutide, retatrutide, amycretin) were not approved as of the paper's publication date (May 2026); regulatory status may have changed.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sex data for included trial populations are not reported in the abstract; tags default to mixed given the broad multi-condition scope.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2213-8587(26)00100-2","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a narrative review, not a systematic review or meta-analysis — the level of evidence (LOE 3) reflects synthesis quality rather than underlying trial quality, which varies widely by comorbidity.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This review synthesises evidence from RCTs and high-quality meta-analyses on approved and late-stage obesity medications — including phentermine-topiramate, naltrexone-bupropion, GLP-1 receptor agonists (liraglutide, semaglutide), and newer multiagonists (tirzepatide, survodutide, retatrutide, cagrilintide-semaglutide, amycretin) — evaluating their effects across 13+ obesity-related comorbidities beyond weight loss itself.","key_result":"GLP-1-based and multiagonist therapies show beneficial effects across a broad range of comorbid conditions — including type 2 diabetes, MASLD, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnoea, PCOS, osteoarthritis, depression, and binge-eating and substance use disorders — with accumulating evidence that some benefits are independent of weight loss.","limitations":"As a narrative review, it does not perform a systematic meta-analysis; head-to-head comparisons between agents are largely absent; many comorbidity-specific findings come from secondary endpoints of trials not primarily powered for those outcomes.","practice_takeaway":"When selecting an obesity medication, clinicians should consider the patient's full comorbidity profile — not just expected weight loss — as GLP-1-based therapies offer pleiotropic benefits (e.g., cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, neuropsychiatric) that may differ meaningfully across agents.\n\nWeight-loss-independent effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists are now supported by enough evidence to factor into shared decision-making for patients with heart failure, CKD, OSA, or mood disorders."}},{"doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","pmid":"42166772","title":"Prepregnancy Insulin Resistance and Fertility and Pregnancy Outcomes in Women With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome","journal_title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","journal_issn":"0029-7844","published_at":"2026-05-22T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","source_score":14,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-20T13:24:57.503Z","updated_at":"2026-06-20T13:24:57.503Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"brand","value":"Femara","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"condition","value":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"condition","value":"Infertility","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"condition","value":"Insulin Resistance","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"condition","value":"Preeclampsia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"generic","value":"clomiphene citrate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"generic","value":"letrozole","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"modality","value":"Ovulation Induction","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=746","value_numeric":746},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Secondary Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"warning","value":"Impact flag 'practice_changing' applied cautiously — the finding is clinically significant but based on a secondary analysis; prospective validation is needed.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"warning","value":"The 'Femara' brand tag is inferred for letrozole; the paper does not specify brand names.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006318","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a secondary analysis of the PPCOS II RCT (NCT00719186); causal inference is limited.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This secondary analysis of the PPCOS II multicenter RCT examined whether prepregnancy insulin resistance (measured by HOMA-IR, QUICKI, and glucose-to-insulin ratio) and its improvement during ovulation induction (clomiphene citrate or letrozole) were linked to fertility and pregnancy outcomes in 746 women aged 18–40 with PCOS.","key_result":"Higher prepregnancy HOMA-IR quartile was associated with lower ovulation rates (93.5% → 73.8%), lower live-birth rates (35.5% → 18.2%), and markedly higher gestational diabetes risk (13.8% → 45.7%); improvement in HOMA-IR during treatment increased odds of clinical pregnancy and reduced preeclampsia risk (all P<.005).","limitations":"- Secondary analysis of an RCT, so findings are hypothesis-generating rather than confirmatory.\n- HOMA-IR cutoffs for quartiles are not explicitly defined, limiting direct clinical application.\n- The original trial was not powered for subgroup analyses by insulin resistance category.","practice_takeaway":"Screen women with PCOS for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) before starting ovulation induction — those with higher HOMA-IR have substantially lower live-birth rates and much higher gestational diabetes risk. Targeting insulin resistance improvement prior to or during treatment may improve reproductive outcomes and reduce obstetric complications."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","pmid":"42176842","title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and its association with reproductive cancers in women","journal_title":"Fertility and Sterility","journal_issn":"0015-0282","published_at":"2026-05-22T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","source_score":6,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-27T15:43:02.471Z","updated_at":"2026-05-27T15:43:02.471Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"condition","value":"Breast Cancer","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"condition","value":"Cervical Cancer","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"condition","value":"Ovarian Cancer","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"condition","value":"Uterine Cancer","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=2535678","value_numeric":2535678},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"warning","value":"PCOS diagnosis was based on ICD codes (including a combination of hirsutism + irregular menses codes), not validated clinical criteria, which may affect case ascertainment accuracy.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"warning","value":"The follow-up period (mean 3.6 years) is short relative to typical cancer latency periods, so the absolute cancer rates may underestimate lifetime risk.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study does not report absolute cancer incidence rates, making it difficult to quantify individual patient risk for shared decision-making.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.fertnstert.2026.05.158","tag_type":"warning","value":"The very large hazard ratios (especially for uterine cancer, aHR 5.76) could partly reflect surveillance bias — women with PCOS may be seen more frequently by gynecologists, leading to earlier or more frequent cancer detection.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This retrospective cohort study used a large US claims database (2000–2022) to evaluate whether women aged 18–50 with PCOS (n=422,613) face a higher risk of incident breast, uterine, ovarian/fallopian tube, and cervical cancers compared to age-matched controls without PCOS (n=2,113,065), over a mean follow-up of 3.6 years.","key_result":"Women with PCOS had significantly higher adjusted hazard for all four reproductive cancers: uterine cancer (aHR 5.76, 95% CI 5.13–6.48), ovarian/fallopian tube cancer (aHR 4.38, 95% CI 3.90–4.92), breast cancer (aHR 2.66, 95% CI 2.50–2.83), and cervical cancer (aHR 2.22, 95% CI 2.06–2.37).","limitations":"- Mean follow-up was only ~3.6 years, which may be too short to capture the full cancer risk burden in this population.\n- PCOS was identified via ICD codes rather than clinical criteria (e.g., Rotterdam criteria), which may introduce misclassification.\n- As a claims-based study, residual confounding from unmeasured variables (e.g., BMI trajectory, diet, surveillance bias) cannot be excluded.","practice_takeaway":"Women with PCOS carry markedly elevated risk of uterine, ovarian, breast, and cervical cancers — findings that should prompt clinicians to revisit cancer screening protocols for this population. Consider closer surveillance, particularly for uterine and ovarian cancers, in PCOS patients with additional risk factors."}},{"doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00717-8","pmid":"42119588","title":"Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, the new name for polycystic ovary syndrome: a multistep global consensus process","journal_title":"The Lancet","journal_issn":"0140-6736","published_at":"2026-05-12T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00717-8","source_score":2264,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-15T13:23:07.619Z","updated_at":"2026-05-15T13:23:07.619Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00717-8","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00717-8","tag_type":"category","value":"Medicine, General & Internal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00717-8","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00717-8","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00717-8","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00717-8","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"5","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00717-8","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=14360","value_numeric":14360},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00717-8","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00717-8","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Global Consensus / Delphi Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00717-8","tag_type":"warning","value":"As of the paper's publication date (May 12, 2026), the global implementation strategy is described as 'under way' but not yet complete; clinical uptake timelines are uncertain.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00717-8","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study design is a consensus/Delphi process — not a clinical trial — so level of evidence reflects expert opinion rather than experimental data.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00717-8","tag_type":"warning","value":"The survey sample of 14,360 represents self-selected patients and clinicians; representativeness across all world regions and underserved populations is unclear.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A multistep global consensus process to rename polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) to polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS), involving 56 organisations, iterative global surveys (14,360 patients and multidisciplinary clinicians), modified Delphi methods, and nominal group technique workshops.","key_result":"Consensus was reached on 'polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS)' as the new name, prioritising scientific accuracy, stigma reduction, and cultural appropriateness over retaining the PCOS acronym or a generic name.","limitations":"Consensus processes can reflect the views of engaged stakeholders rather than the broader affected population; survey respondents were self-selected. Implementation feasibility across diverse health systems and disease classification bodies has not yet been fully evaluated.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians should anticipate a transition period as PCOS is renamed PMOS in guidelines, records, and patient communications. The new name better reflects the condition's endocrine and metabolic complexity, which may support earlier diagnosis and reduce stigma."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2026.1370","pmid":"42113530","title":"Ovarian Cysts in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","journal_title":"JAMA Internal Medicine","journal_issn":"2168-6106","published_at":"2026-05-11T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2026.1370","source_score":253,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-21T13:20:54.805Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T13:20:54.805Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2026.1370","tag_type":"category","value":"Medicine, General & Internal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2026.1370","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2026.1370","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2026.1370","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"4","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2026.1370","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Cross-Sectional Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2026.1370","tag_type":"warning","value":"Level of evidence is estimated based on the stated cross-sectional design only; no further methodological detail is available to confirm this rating.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2026.1370","tag_type":"warning","value":"The abstract is extremely sparse — no population size, results, comparators, or detailed methods are provided. Most summary fields and several tags cannot be reliably populated.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2026.1370","tag_type":"warning","value":"The DOI references a 2026 publication date, which is very recent (today is May 21, 2026); the full text may not yet be widely accessible for verification.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This cross-sectional study examines ovarian morphology in the context of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).","limitations":"The abstract provides minimal detail — no sample size, outcomes, comparators, or results are reported, making evidence appraisal impossible."}},{"doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag198","pmid":"42105324","title":"Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescent patients","journal_title":"The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism","journal_issn":"0021-972X","published_at":"2026-05-09T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgag198","source_score":40,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-18T13:25:42.648Z","updated_at":"2026-05-18T13:25:42.648Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag198","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adolescent","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag198","tag_type":"category","value":"Endocrinology & Metabolism","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag198","tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag198","tag_type":"generic","value":"metformin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag198","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag198","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"5","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag198","tag_type":"modality","value":"Biguanide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag198","tag_type":"modality","value":"Combined Oral Contraceptive","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag198","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag198","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Narrative Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag198","tag_type":"warning","value":"No primary trial data or systematic search reported — this is expert opinion/narrative review; level of evidence is limited.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag198","tag_type":"warning","value":"No sample size applies as this is a review article, not an original study.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1210/clinem/dgag198","tag_type":"warning","value":"Treatment recommendations for adolescents are largely extrapolated from adult PCOS data; adolescent-specific RCT evidence is sparse.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This review examines the diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) specifically in adolescents, addressing the challenges of distinguishing PCOS from normal pubertal development and outlining evidence-based treatment strategies.","key_result":"A definitive PCOS diagnosis in adolescents requires both persistent hyperandrogenism and menstrual irregularity; those with only one feature should be followed longitudinally. Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are first-line for menstrual irregularity and hyperandrogenism; metformin is first-line for metabolic comorbidities.","limitations":"This is a narrative review without systematic search methodology or pooled data, so recommendations reflect expert synthesis rather than primary trial evidence. Adolescent-specific randomized controlled trial data are limited, and much guidance is extrapolated from adult populations.","practice_takeaway":"Do not diagnose PCOS in adolescents on a single feature alone — require both persistent hyperandrogenism and menstrual irregularity, and follow borderline cases longitudinally. Pair COCs for reproductive symptoms with metformin for metabolic risk, and address mental health as part of routine care."}},{"doi":"10.1093/humupd/dmaf030","pmid":"41528735","title":"Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome: a global and regional systematic review and meta-analysis","journal_title":"Human Reproduction Update","journal_issn":"1355-4786","published_at":"2026-01-13T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmaf030","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-01-14","doi":"10.1093/humupd/dmaf030","days":"7","issn":"1355-4786","rank":"9","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"2","category":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","categories":["Obstetrics & Gynecology"],"_categories":["Obstetrics & Gynecology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1093/humupd/dmaf030","title":"Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome: a global and regional systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal":"Human reproduction 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Meta-analysis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humupd/dmaf030","tag_type":"warning","value":"Certainty was rated very low to low, with many studies at moderate or high risk of bias.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humupd/dmaf030","tag_type":"warning","value":"No prevalence data were available from the WHO African region.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humupd/dmaf030","tag_type":"warning","value":"Pooled estimates showed very high heterogeneity; interpret exact percentages with caution.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/humupd/dmaf030","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies, not interventional trials.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis (1990–Nov 2024) of unselected population studies estimating PCOS prevalence by diagnostic criteria and WHO regions. A total of 119 studies were eligible; 92 studies (n=157,181) were pooled, with adult women as the primary population.","key_result":"Globally in adults, pooled PCOS prevalence was 12.1% by Rotterdam (95% CI 9.8–14.8; I2 98.8%), 7.9% by NIH (6.2–9.9; I2 96.2%), 12.7% by AE‑PCOS (8.2–17.9; I2 98.0%), and 7.8% by self‑report (5.8–10.0; I2 99.4%). By WHO region using Rotterdam criteria, prevalence was highest in the Eastern Mediterranean 15.1% (11.1–19.7) and South‑East Asia 14.3% (5.8–25.9), followed by Europe 11.7% (5.1–20.3), the Americas 10.5% (3.0–21.7), and the Western Pacific 9.1% (6.2–12.5), with no data from Africa (between‑region difference P=0.022).","limitations":"Between‑study heterogeneity was very high (I2 up to 99.4%); diagnostic criteria and component features varied across studies. Many studies had moderate or high risk‑of‑bias (30 low, 49 moderate, 40 high), and certainty was rated very low to low. No data were available from the WHO African region.","practice_takeaway":"In adults, about one in eight women meet Rotterdam PCOS criteria worldwide, but estimates shift with diagnostic criteria and region. Use standardized, guideline‑endorsed criteria and confirm self‑report, given very low‑to‑low certainty and marked heterogeneity."}}],"initialOffset":22,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"condition","value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Conditions","href":"/hub/tag/condition"},{"name":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"condition","hub_tag_value":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"}}}]]

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