2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T661,A total of 8.79 million cases of ROP-related visual loss were documented between 1990 and 2021 (4.57 million male and 4.22 million female patients), and the number of cases globally remained stable during this time. Countries with a low social demographic index (SDI) (536 899 cases; 95% uncertainty interval [UI], 418 860-655 140 cases) and low-middle SDI (802 078 cases; 95% UI, 590 539-1 032 465 cases) accounted for the majority of ROP-related visual loss cases in 2021. Despite a sharp decline since the 2000s, prevalence of ROP-related blindness remains disproportionately high in low and low-middle SDI countries. The prevalence pattern shows a shifting burden of ROP-related visual impairment, with high-middle SDI countries in particular experiencing an increasing prevalence rate in all-grade visual loss related to ROP. Multivariable regression analysis found that a lower primary completion rate (estimate, -2.33 [95% CI, -3.11 to 1.55] cases per 100 000 people), higher out-of-pocket health care expense (estimate, 2.61 [95% CI, 1.86 to 3.35] cases per 100 000 people), lower social insurance coverage (estimate, -2.79 [95% CI, -3.76 to 1.82] cases per 100 000 people), lower prenatal screening coverage (estimate, -3.91 [95% CI, -4.63 to 3.19] cases per 100 000 people) and nursing staff density (estimate, -2.07 [95% CI, -3.03 to 1.11] cases per 100 000 people) were associated with higher visual loss prevalence. Projections indicate that without targeted interventions, the burden of ROP-related visual impairment will continue to escalate, particularly in high-middle and middle SDI regions.31:Tbc3,Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of childhood blindness, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. With advancements in neonatal care, a projected rising trend and burden of ROP-related vision loss necessitates attention. To analyze global trends in ROP-related visual impairment from 1990 to 2021 and identify risk factors for increased prevalence of visual loss. This cross-sectional study used the Global Burden of Disease 2021 dataset to identify ROP-related visual outcomes across 204 countries from 1990 to 2021. Socioeconomic and health care indicators were incorporated to identify risk factors for increased prevalence of visual loss, and machine-learning models were used for outcome forecasting until 2050. This analysis was conducted between January 1 and March 30, 2025. Premature birth. The main outcome was global prevalence of ROP-related visual impairment, stratified by severity of visual impairment and the associated factors. A total of 8.79 million cases of ROP-related visual loss were documented between 1990 and 2021 (4.57 million male and 4.22 million female patients), and the number of cases globally remained stable during this time. Countries with a low social demographic index (SDI) (536 899 cases; 95% uncertainty interval [UI], 418 860-655 140 cases) and low-middle SDI (802 078 cases; 95% UI, 590 539-1 032 465 cases) accounted for the majority of ROP-related visual loss cases in 2021. Despite a sharp decline since the 2000s, prevalence of ROP-related blindness remains disproportionately high in low and low-middle SDI countries. The prevalence pattern shows a shifting burden of ROP-related visual impairment, with high-middle SDI countries in particular experiencing an increasing prevalence rate in all-grade visual loss related to ROP. Multivariable regression analysis found that a lower primary completion rate (estimate, -2.33 [95% CI, -3.11 to 1.55] cases per 100 000 people), higher out-of-pocket health care expense (estimate, 2.61 [95% CI, 1.86 to 3.35] cases per 100 000 people), lower social insurance coverage (estimate, -2.79 [95% CI, -3.76 to 1.82] cases per 100 000 people), lower prenatal screening coverage (estimate, -3.91 [95% CI, -4.63 to 3.19] cases per 100 000 people) and nursing staff density (estimate, -2.07 [95% CI, -3.03 to 1.11] cases per 100 000 people) were associated with higher visual loss prevalence. Projections indicate that without targeted interventions, the burden of ROP-related visual impairment will continue to escalate, particularly in high-middle and middle SDI regions. This cross-sectional study found that persistent disparities in ROP-related visual loss burden remain between socioeconomic contexts and SDI groups, especially in terms of ROP-related blindness. Addressing socioeconomic disparities, enhancing neonatal care access, and implementing universal ROP screening and follow up programs might reduce the magnitude of the burden of future ROP-related visual loss.32:T10a5, Importance Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of childhood blindness, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. With advancements in neonatal care, a projected rising trend and burden of ROP-related vision loss necessitates attention. Objective To analyze global trends in ROP-related visual impairment from 1990 to 2021 and identify risk factors for increased prevalence of visual loss. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used the Global Burden of Disease 2021 dataset to identify ROP-related visual outcomes across 204 countries from 1990 to 2021. Socioeconomic and health care indicators were incorporated to identify risk factors for increased prevalence of visual loss, and machine-learning models were used for outcome forecasting until 2050. This analysis was conducted between January 1 and March 30, 2025. Exposure Premature birth. Main Outcome and Measures The main outcome was global prevalence of ROP-related visual impairment, stratified by severity of visual impairment and the associated factors. Results A total of 8.79 million cases of ROP-related visual loss were documented between 1990 and 2021 (4.57 million male and 4.22 million female patients), and the number of cases globally remained stable during this time. Countries with a low social demographic index (SDI) (536 899 cases; 95% uncertainty interval [UI], 418 860-655 140 cases) and low-middle SDI (802 078 cases; 95% UI, 590 539-1 032 465 cases) accounted for the majority of ROP-related visual loss cases in 2021. Despite a sharp decline since the 2000s, prevalence of ROP-related blindness remains disproportionately high in low and low-middle SDI countries. The prevalence pattern shows a shifting burden of ROP-related visual impairment, with high-middle SDI countries in particular experiencing an increasing prevalence rate in all-grade visual loss related to ROP. Multivariable regression analysis found that a lower primary completion rate (estimate, −2.33 [95% CI, −3.11 to 1.55] cases per 100 000 people), higher out-of-pocket health care expense (estimate, 2.61 [95% CI, 1.86 to 3.35] cases per 100 000 people), lower social insurance coverage (estimate, −2.79 [95% CI, −3.76 to 1.82] cases per 100 000 people), lower prenatal screening coverage (estimate, −3.91 [95% CI, −4.63 to 3.19] cases per 100 000 people) and nursing staff density (estimate, −2.07 [95% CI, −3.03 to 1.11] cases per 100 000 people) were associated with higher visual loss prevalence. Projections indicate that without targeted interventions, the burden of ROP-related visual impairment will continue to escalate, particularly in high-middle and middle SDI regions. Conclusions and Relevance This cross-sectional study found that persistent disparities in ROP-related visual loss burden remain between socioeconomic contexts and SDI groups, especially in terms of ROP-related blindness. Addressing socioeconomic disparities, enhancing neonatal care access, and implementing universal ROP screening and follow up programs might reduce the magnitude of the burden of future ROP-related visual loss. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Retinopathy of Prematurity: condition Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Retinopathy of Prematurity (condition). 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temporal confounding may affect drug comparisons.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/bjo-2026-330184","tag_type":"warning","value":"The zone II retreatment signal was attenuated after correction for bilaterality, suggesting this finding should be interpreted cautiously.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Risk factors for anti-VEGF re-injection in aggressive retinopathy of prematurity (A-ROP) were assessed in 283 A-ROP eyes and 1317 non-A-ROP eyes from premature infants across 23 sites (16 US, 7 non-US) between 2007 and 2021, using generalized estimating equations adjusted for birth weight, gestational age, ROP zone, site, and initial anti-VEGF agent.","key_result":"Each 100 g increase in birth weight reduced A-ROP re-injection risk by 26% (p=0.041); ranibizumab carried a 4.82-fold higher re-injection risk vs. bevacizumab (p=0.009); zone II A-ROP had 2.48× higher re-injection risk than zone I (p=0.014), though this did not persist after correcting for bilaterality.","limitations":"Retrospective multicenter design introduces site-level heterogeneity in treatment protocols; the zone II re-injection signal was attenuated after bilaterality correction, suggesting possible confounding; long study window (2007–2021) spans evolving anti-VEGF practices and dosing standards.","practice_takeaway":"For A-ROP, bevacizumab appears to carry a substantially lower retreatment risk than ranibizumab — clinicians should factor drug choice and birth weight into retreatment planning. Very low birth weight infants with A-ROP warrant especially close follow-up given their heightened re-injection risk."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","pmid":"42545705","title":"Dexamethasone Eye Drops to Prevent Treatment-Requiring Retinopathy of Prematurity","journal_title":"JAMA Pediatrics","journal_issn":"2168-6203","published_at":"2026-08-03T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","source_score":71,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-10T13:22:01.690Z","updated_at":"2026-08-10T13:22:01.690Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","tag_type":"category","value":"Pediatrics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","tag_type":"condition","value":"Retinopathy of Prematurity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","tag_type":"generic","value":"dexamethasone","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","tag_type":"modality","value":"Topical Corticosteroid","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=100","value_numeric":100},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Randomized Controlled Trial","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","tag_type":"warning","value":"Long-term follow-up outcomes (2 and 5.5 years) are planned but not yet reported in this publication.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","tag_type":"warning","value":"The full text pages appear largely blank in the source (only a protocol statistical analysis plan is visible); the abstract and results section provided the core clinical data used for this summary.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","tag_type":"warning","value":"The paper's PDF metadata creation date (2024) precedes the stated publication date (2026), suggesting possible discrepancy; the published date per journal metadata was used.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.3247","tag_type":"warning","value":"The trial did not meet its pre-specified primary endpoint (P = .08), so findings remain exploratory despite a clinically meaningful effect size. Interpret with caution.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"The DROPROP trial evaluated whether dexamethasone eye drops (1 mg/mL, once daily or every other day for up to 12 weeks) versus saline placebo reduce progression from prethreshold ROP to treatment-requiring type 1 ROP in 100 infants born before 30 weeks' gestational age (mean GA 25.1 weeks, mean birth weight 713 g) across 14 Swedish hospitals (2022–2025).","key_result":"In the intention-to-treat analysis, type 1 ROP occurred in 20.0% of the dexamethasone group (10/50) vs 38.0% of the placebo group (19/50) — a 47% relative risk reduction — but the result did not reach statistical significance (adjusted OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.17–1.12; P = .08). Per-protocol results were consistent (18.8% vs 38.8%; adjusted OR 0.40; 95% CI 0.15–1.05). No clinically significant differences in adverse events were found between groups.","limitations":"- The trial was underpowered to confirm its primary endpoint at P < .05, as the observed treatment effect (47% RRR) was smaller than the 60% reduction assumed in the power calculation.\n- Single-country design (Sweden) limits generalizability to other healthcare settings and ROP screening protocols.\n- Long-term visual and neurodevelopmental outcomes (planned at 2 and 5.5 years) are not yet reported.","practice_takeaway":"Topical dexamethasone eye drops appear safe and show a clinically meaningful — though statistically non-significant — reduction in the need for invasive ROP treatment; clinicians should await larger or pooled confirmatory data before adopting this as standard practice. The favorable safety profile makes it a reasonable candidate for further study in extremely preterm infants with prethreshold ROP."}},{"doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","pmid":"42527621","title":"Photobiomodulation therapy for children’s eye and vision conditions","journal_title":"Eye","journal_issn":"0950-222X","published_at":"2026-07-29T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-04T18:17:55.983Z","updated_at":"2026-08-04T18:17:55.983Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"age_group","value":"pediatric","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"category","value":"Ophthalmology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"condition","value":"Amblyopia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"condition","value":"Chalazion","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"condition","value":"Meibomian Gland Dysfunction","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"condition","value":"Myopia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"condition","value":"Retinopathy of Prematurity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"condition","value":"Visual Fatigue","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"modality","value":"Intense Pulsed Light Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"modality","value":"Photobiomodulation Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=45","value_numeric":45},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Scoping Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size of n=45 refers to included studies, not individual patients; total patient numbers across studies are not reported in the available text.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study-level design mix (mostly RCTs per abstract) could not be verified from full text due to empty page content.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04757-x","tag_type":"warning","value":"The full text pages appear to contain no extractable content beyond the abstract and metadata — all summary details are drawn from the abstract and results sections only.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A scoping review evaluated published evidence on photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and intense pulsed light (IPL) for eye, vision, lid, and orbital conditions in children and young people aged 0–18 years, covering 45 studies identified from 5,081 screened.","key_result":"45 studies met inclusion criteria; most addressed myopia control and reported reductions in axial elongation, though rebound effects were noted after treatment cessation. Other conditions studied included amblyopia, retinopathy of prematurity, meibomian gland dysfunction, chalazion, concussion, and visual fatigue. PBMT showed a generally favourable safety profile, with transient adverse effects such as mild photophobia and dry eye.","limitations":"- Predominantly China-based studies, which may limit generalisability to other populations and clinical settings.\n- Scoping review methodology does not pool effect sizes or formally assess risk of bias across included studies.\n- Variability in treatment protocols across studies makes it difficult to define optimal parameters.","practice_takeaway":"PBMT may be a reasonable adjunct for childhood myopia control and blepharitis/meibomian gland dysfunction, with a reassuring short-term safety profile. Clinicians should be aware of potential rebound in myopia progression after stopping treatment, and that standardised protocols are not yet established."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","pmid":"42489607","title":"Anti–VEGF versus Laser Photocoagulation Surgery for Primary Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity: Neurodevelopmental Outcomes","journal_title":"Ophthalmology","journal_issn":"0161-6420","published_at":"2026-07-23T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":null,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":false},"created_at":"2026-07-27T14:09:19.698Z","updated_at":"2026-07-27T14:09:19.698Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"age_group","value":"infant","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"brand","value":"Avastin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"brand","value":"Lucentis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"category","value":"Ophthalmology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"condition","value":"Retinopathy of Prematurity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"generic","value":"bevacizumab","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"generic","value":"ranibizumab","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"modality","value":"Anti-VEGF","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"modality","value":"Laser Photocoagulation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=26","value_numeric":26},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Systematic Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"warning","value":"Brand tags (Avastin, Lucentis) are inferred from generic names; the paper does not explicitly name these brands.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"warning","value":"Level of evidence assigned as '2' reflects the best available included studies (RCTs rated level II); the overall systematic review lacks level I evidence and was not meta-analytic.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"warning","value":"Some studies spanned a wide age range (0 months to 12 years), making pooled neurodevelopmental interpretation heterogeneous.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.007","tag_type":"warning","value":"The sample size tag reflects the number of included studies (n=26), not individual patients — total patient-level N is not reported in the abstract.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This systematic review compared neurodevelopmental outcomes in premature infants treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF (primarily bevacizumab or ranibizumab) versus laser photocoagulation surgery (LPC) as primary treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), synthesizing 26 studies (3 RCTs + 22 cohort studies) spanning 2006–2022 across 39 countries.","key_result":"77% of studies (20/26), including all RCTs, found no statistically significant difference in neurodevelopmental outcomes between anti-VEGF and LPC; 4 studies found worse outcomes with intravitreal bevacizumab and 2 found worse outcomes with LPC. None of the 5 studies that included IQ testing beyond age 4 detected a significant difference between treatment groups.","limitations":"No study was powered specifically for neurodevelopmental outcomes, limiting ability to detect small but clinically meaningful differences. Most assessments (54%) were done before age 24 months, and long-term cognitive data (IQ beyond age 4) were available in only 19% of studies. No level I (RCT-powered for neurodevelopment) evidence exists.","practice_takeaway":"Based on current level II–III evidence, neither anti-VEGF nor LPC appears to confer a clear neurodevelopmental advantage for primary ROP treatment. Clinicians should remain cautious about long-term outcomes given sparse data beyond early childhood, and ongoing follow-up of treated infants into school age is warranted."}},{"doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04709-5","pmid":"42399397","title":"Determinants of regression kinetics in observed stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity without plus disease","journal_title":"Eye","journal_issn":"0950-222X","published_at":"2026-07-03T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-026-04709-5","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-08T13:26:32.078Z","updated_at":"2026-07-08T13:26:32.078Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04709-5","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04709-5","tag_type":"category","value":"Ophthalmology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04709-5","tag_type":"condition","value":"Retinopathy of Prematurity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04709-5","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04709-5","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"4","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04709-5","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=31","value_numeric":31},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04709-5","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04709-5","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Prospective Observational Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04709-5","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design label ('Prospective Observational') is inferred from weekly follow-up methodology described; the paper does not explicitly state its design type in the available text.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04709-5","tag_type":"warning","value":"The rapid vs. slow regressor cut-off (3 weeks) was defined post-hoc by the authors based on observed bimodal distribution, not a pre-specified or externally validated threshold.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41433-026-04709-5","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a Brief Communication with publisher-page-only access; full results, statistical analyses, and specific determinants of regression kinetics are not available in the extracted text. Key findings beyond the regression duration range cannot be confirmed.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This study evaluated regression kinetics in 31 eyes (17 infants) with stage 3 ROP in zone II without plus disease, all managed with observation only (no treatment), classified as rapid regressors (≤2 weeks) vs. slow regressors (≥3 weeks of persistent stage 3 disease).","key_result":"Stage 3 regression duration ranged from 2–12 weeks; complete vascularisation to the ora serrata took 7–25 weeks. Eyes were categorised by a 3-week cut-off into rapid vs. slow regressors, though specific predictive factor results are not available in the publisher preview.","limitations":"Very small sample (31 eyes, 17 infants); the 3-week regression cut-off was defined by the authors' own clinical observation of bimodal distribution rather than validated published criteria; full-text data on determinants of regression kinetics are behind a paywall and not accessible here.","practice_takeaway":"Stage 3 ROP without plus disease can regress spontaneously, but regression timelines vary widely (2–12 weeks). Weekly follow-up appears feasible for observation, yet clinicians should be alert to slow regressors who may be at higher risk of progression."}},{"doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","pmid":"42373305","title":"High versus low PEEP in the delivery room: a preimplementation and postimplementation cohort study","journal_title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition","journal_issn":"1359-2998","published_at":"2026-06-29T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","source_score":10,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-10T13:25:35.949Z","updated_at":"2026-07-10T13:25:35.949Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"category","value":"Pediatrics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"condition","value":"Preterm Birth","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"condition","value":"Respiratory Distress Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"condition","value":"Retinopathy of Prematurity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"modality","value":"Non-Invasive Ventilation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"modality","value":"Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"modality","value":"Surfactant Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=718","value_numeric":718},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sex distribution was listed as mixed but exact breakdown per group is not reported in the abstract.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"warning","value":"The pre/post design means the two groups differ by calendar period (2015–2019 vs 2019–2023), making it impossible to rule out confounding from concurrent changes in care practices over time.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/archdischild-2026-330466","tag_type":"warning","value":"The primary outcome (SpO₂/FiO₂ ratio at 5 min) showed no significant difference, yet several secondary outcomes favored high PEEP — multiplicity of secondary endpoints should be interpreted with caution.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This retrospective pre/post cohort study compared PEEP of 10 cmH₂O (high) vs 6 cmH₂O (low) during the first 10 minutes after birth in 718 preterm infants <32 weeks GA born at a single German center (2015–2023), with a protocol change in 2019 defining the two groups.","key_result":"No difference was found in the primary outcome (SpO₂/FiO₂ ratio at 5 min). However, low PEEP was associated with higher odds of intubation within 72 hours (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.07–2.66), BPD (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.14–2.64), and retinopathy of prematurity (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.17–2.79); low-PEEP infants also had more surfactant use (41% vs 29%) and longer non-invasive ventilation (30 vs 19 days median).","limitations":"- Non-randomized pre/post design introduces confounding by secular trends and other protocol changes over the 8-year period.\n- Single-center study limits generalizability.\n- Retrospective data collection with no blinding.","practice_takeaway":"Using PEEP 10 cmH₂O in the delivery room may reduce BPD, ROP, and early intubation in preterm infants <32 weeks, but this is hypothesis-generating only — wait for RCT evidence before broadly changing practice."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","pmid":"42240991","title":"Very Preterm Infant Retinal Microanatomy at 36 Weeks’ Postmenstrual Age and 2-Year Neurodevelopment","journal_title":"JAMA Ophthalmology","journal_issn":"2168-6165","published_at":"2026-06-04T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13237705/","source_score":4,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-19T13:23:13.348Z","updated_at":"2026-06-19T13:23:13.348Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"category","value":"Ophthalmology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"condition","value":"Neurodevelopmental Impairment","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"condition","value":"Retinopathy of Prematurity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"condition","value":"Very Preterm Birth","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"modality","value":"Optical Coherence Tomography","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=72","value_numeric":72},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Prospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"warning","value":"Macular edema association with neurodevelopment, previously reported by the same group, was not replicated here — this discrepancy is discussed but not fully resolved.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"warning","value":"No adjustment was made for multiple comparisons across several behavioral outcomes — secondary findings (M-CHAT-R, CBCL) should be interpreted with caution.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"warning","value":"The level of evidence is rated 2 (prospective cohort), but single-center design and modest sample size (n=72) limit generalizability; independent multicenter validation is needed.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1782","tag_type":"warning","value":"The OCT system used is a research-grade investigational device not yet commercially available; findings may not be directly replicable in standard clinical settings.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This prospective longitudinal cohort study (BabySTEPS, n=72 very preterm infants, mean GA 27.6 weeks) evaluated whether bedside OCT measures of retinal microanatomy at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA) — including RNFL thickness, choroidal thickness, inner retinal thickness, and macular edema — predicted neurodevelopmental outcomes (BSID-III, CBCL, M-CHAT-R) at 2 years' corrected age.","key_result":"Greater RNFL thickness was independently associated with higher BSID-III Motor scores (+7.50 points per 10-µm increase; P<.001) and Cognitive scores (+3.71 points; P=.02), lower autism risk (M-CHAT-R: −0.64 per 10 µm; P=.03), and fewer internalizing behavior problems (CBCL: −2.25 per 10 µm; P=.04). Adding RNFL thickness to standard infant factors boosted Motor score prediction from R²=0.36 to 0.53 (gain +0.17). Greater choroidal thickness also predicted better Motor scores (+4.84 points per 100 µm; P=.03) but added no incremental value beyond RNFL alone.","limitations":"- Single-center study using a **research-only OCT device** not yet commercially available, limiting immediate clinical translation.\n- 26 of 98 surviving infants (26.5%) were lost to follow-up; those lost were slightly less preterm and heavier, potentially underestimating impairment burden.\n- Multiple comparisons were not adjusted, raising the risk of false-positive associations for secondary behavioral outcomes.","practice_takeaway":"Bedside OCT RNFL thickness measured during routine ROP examinations at ~36 weeks PMA may serve as an early, low-stress biomarker to flag very preterm infants most at risk for motor and cognitive delays — enabling earlier enrollment in developmental therapies. Pending independent validation and a commercially available device, clinicians should consider RNFL thickness data as a supplement to, not replacement for, standard neurodevelopmental risk assessment."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","pmid":"42207522","title":"Preterm Infant Stress During Noncontact Handheld Optical Coherence Tomography and Contact Fundus Photography","journal_title":"JAMA Ophthalmology","journal_issn":"2168-6165","published_at":"2026-05-28T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13220147/","source_score":11,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-10T14:23:45.153Z","updated_at":"2026-06-10T14:23:45.153Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","tag_type":"age_group","value":"neonate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","tag_type":"category","value":"Ophthalmology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","tag_type":"condition","value":"Preterm Birth","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","tag_type":"condition","value":"Retinopathy of Prematurity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"safety_signal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","tag_type":"modality","value":"Fundus Photography","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","tag_type":"modality","value":"Optical Coherence Tomography","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=59","value_numeric":59},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Prospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","tag_type":"warning","value":"Randomization was for device order within the study eye only; the study was not blinded, which could introduce observer bias in stress scoring.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study used an investigational handheld OCT system developed at Duke University; results may not generalize to other OCT devices.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1504","tag_type":"warning","value":"The total imaging sessions reported inconsistently as 397 and 399 in different parts of the abstract — this minor discrepancy is noted but does not materially affect the findings.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This prospective cohort study compared stress responses in 59 preterm infants (mean GA 26.1 weeks) during noncontact handheld OCT vs. contact fundus photography for ROP examination, using randomized device order across 397 imaging sessions (June 2023–January 2025).","key_result":"Noncontact OCT caused significantly less stress than contact fundus photography: cry scores changed by 0.12 vs. 1.70 during imaging (mean difference −1.59); heart rate changed by −5.2 vs. +10.9 bpm during imaging (mean difference −16.1 bpm); facial expression scores worsened in 16.8% vs. 75.8% of sessions. Of 32 adverse events (tachycardia, bradycardia, hypoxia, or emesis) across 399 sessions, 81.3% occurred during or after fundus photography; no ocular or severe AEs occurred.","limitations":"Single-center study at one tertiary care nursery limits generalizability. The role of handheld OCT in ROP *screening* (vs. supplemental imaging) remains unestablished. Imaging was performed by expert researchers, which may not reflect routine clinical practice.","practice_takeaway":"When performing ROP assessments, noncontact handheld OCT appears substantially less stressful for preterm infants than contact fundus photography, with far fewer adverse physiologic events. Clinicians should be aware of this stress differential, though OCT's role as a screening tool still needs further validation."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","pmid":"42067049","title":"Incidence of Strabismus in Children With Retinopathy of Prematurity","journal_title":"American Journal of Ophthalmology","journal_issn":"0002-9394","published_at":"2026-04-29T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","source_score":3,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-30T13:22:40.579Z","updated_at":"2026-05-30T13:22:40.579Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"age_group","value":"pediatric","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"category","value":"Ophthalmology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"condition","value":"Amblyopia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"condition","value":"Nystagmus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"condition","value":"Retinopathy of Prematurity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"condition","value":"Strabismus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"modality","value":"Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Injection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"modality","value":"Laser Photocoagulation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=27720","value_numeric":27720},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"warning","value":"ROP severity (stage, zone, plus disease) and gestational age/birth weight are not reported, making it difficult to rule out confounding by disease severity between treated and untreated groups.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sex distribution of the cohort is not reported in the abstract; the 'mixed' sex tag is assumed based on the general pediatric population studied.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"warning","value":"The specific data source (e.g., insurance claims database, registry) is not described in the abstract, which may affect generalizability and diagnostic ascertainment.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Retrospective cohort study estimating cumulative incidence of strabismus in children (≤18 years) diagnosed with ROP, comparing 973 treated patients (laser photocoagulation and/or intravitreal anti-VEGF) vs. 26,747 untreated patients, with Kaplan-Meier analysis at 1, 3, and 5 years post-diagnosis.","key_result":"At 5 years, strabismus developed in 34.78% of treated vs. 22.14% of untreated ROP patients. Esodeviations were the most common subtype (22.35% treated, 11.87% untreated). Treatment exposure independently raised strabismus risk (aHR 1.58; 95% CI 1.29–1.95); amblyopia (aHR 2.58) and nystagmus (aHR 1.76) were also independent risk factors.","limitations":"- Retrospective design limits causal inference; treated patients likely had more severe ROP at baseline, introducing confounding by indication.\n- Claims-based or registry data may undercount strabismus if not formally coded or diagnosed.\n- No data on degree of prematurity, birth weight, or ROP stage/zone, which are key severity confounders.","practice_takeaway":"Children treated for ROP carry a ~35% risk of strabismus by age 5—nearly 1 in 3. Clinicians should schedule early and regular orthoptic follow-up for all ROP patients, with heightened vigilance when amblyopia or nystagmus are also present."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5103","pmid":"41452606","title":"Global and Regional Trends in Retinopathy of Prematurity","journal_title":"JAMA Ophthalmology","journal_issn":"2168-6165","published_at":"2025-12-26T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12743309/","source_score":16,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2025-12-30","doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5103","days":"14","issn":"2168-6165","rank":"1","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"16","category":"Ophthalmology","categories":["Ophthalmology"],"_categories":["Ophthalmology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.5103","title":"Global and Regional Trends in Retinopathy of Prematurity.","journal":"JAMA 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of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Choy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]},{"given":"Yuzhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]},{"given":"Hin Yin","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]},{"given":"Li Jia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, CUHK Medical Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]},{"given":"Chi Pui","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}]},{"given":"Clement C.","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, CUHK Medical Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, 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Machine-learning models were used to forecast outcomes to 2050.","key_result":"From 1990-2021, 8.79 million ROP-related visual loss cases were recorded globally (4.57 million male; 4.22 million female), with a stable overall count; in 2021, low SDI had 536,899 cases (95% UI, 418,860-655,140) and low-middle SDI 802,078 cases (95% UI, 590,539-1,032,465), ROP-related blindness declined since the 2000s yet remains high in these groups, and prevalence rates rose in high-middle SDI. Regression linked higher prevalence to higher out-of-pocket health expense (2.61 [95% CI, 1.86-3.35] cases per 100,000 people) and to lower primary completion (−2.33 [−3.11 to 1.55]), lower social insurance (−2.79 [−3.76 to 1.82]), lower prenatal screening (−3.91 [−4.63 to 3.19]), and lower nursing staff density (−2.07 [−3.03 to 1.11]); forecasts indicate further escalation in high-middle and middle SDI without targeted interventions.","limitations":"Findings and projections are derived from modeled GBD 2021 estimates in an ecological, cross-sectional analysis. Several regression 95% CIs reported in the abstract cross zero, tempering certainty for some associations.","practice_takeaway":"Strengthen neonatal care access and implement universal ROP screening and follow-up, with priority in low and low-middle SDI settings; monitor and plan for rising burden in high-middle SDI regions."}}],"initialOffset":10,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"condition","value":"Retinopathy of Prematurity"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Conditions","href":"/hub/tag/condition"},{"name":"Retinopathy of Prematurity"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"condition","hub_tag_value":"Retinopathy of Prematurity"}}}]]

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