2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T6dc,The role of human rhinovirus (HRV) in adult lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) remains controversial due to limited direct evidence of alveolar tropism and age-specific clinical characterization. To determine HRV's clinical impact, validate its capacity to infect lower respiratory tract cells, and identify predictors for HRV-associated pneumonia in adults. In this retrospective study (January 2020-December 2023), all hospitalized adults screened for HRV via RT-PCR were enrolled for analysis. In BALF HRV RNA-positive patients with available transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) or transbronchial cryobiopsy (TBCB) specimens, immunofluorescence (IF) staining was used to assess infection of LRT cells. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed demographics, comorbidities, and symptoms. HRV was detected in 4.6% (437/9,544) of patients, with bimodal seasonal peaks (February-April and September-November). Co-infection occurred in 49.0% (214/437), predominantly bacteria (34.1%) and viruses (25.7%). Among the 437 HRV-positive patients, 224 cases complicated with pneumonia, but only 34 (7.8%) met the diagnostic criteria for simple viral pneumonia. Multivariate analysis identified male (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.04-6.99, P = 0.042), fever (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.52-9.44, P = 0.004) and cough (OR 7.33, 95% CI 1.64-32.83, P = 0.009) as independent predictors of simple rhinovirus pneumonia. IF staining confirmed HRV VP3 protein in TBLB/TBCB specimens in 61.5% (8/13) of cases, resolving debates about HRV's LRT cells tropism. This study provides the first histological evidence of HRV's LRT cells infection in immunocompetent adults. Despite high co-infection rates, HRV independently drives pneumonia, particularly in males and those with fever or cough.31:Ta01,Abstract Background The role of human rhinovirus (HRV) in adult lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) remains controversial due to limited direct evidence of alveolar tropism and age-specific clinical characterization. Objectives To determine HRV’s clinical impact, validate its capacity to infect lower respiratory tract cells, and identify predictors for HRV-associated pneumonia in adults. Methods In this retrospective study (January 2020–December 2023), all hospitalized adults screened for HRV via RT-PCR were enrolled for analysis. In BALF HRV RNA-positive patients with available transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) or transbronchial cryobiopsy (TBCB) specimens, immunofluorescence (IF) staining was used to assess infection of LRT cells. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed demographics, comorbidities, and symptoms. Results HRV was detected in 4.6% (437/9,544) of patients, with bimodal seasonal peaks (February–April and September–November). Co-infection occurred in 49.0% (214/437), predominantly bacteria (34.1%) and viruses (25.7%). Among the 437 HRV-positive patients, 224 cases complicated with pneumonia, but only 34 (7.8%) met the diagnostic criteria for simple viral pneumonia. Multivariate analysis identified male (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.04-6.99, P = 0.042), fever (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.52–9.44, P = 0.004) and cough (OR 7.33, 95% CI 1.64–32.83, P = 0.009) as independent predictors of simple rhinovirus pneumonia. IF staining confirmed HRV VP3 protein in TBLB/TBCB specimens in 61.5% (8/13) of cases, resolving debates about HRV’s LRT cells tropism. Conclusions This study provides the first histological evidence of HRV’s LRT cells infection in immunocompetent adults. Despite high co-infection rates, HRV independently drives pneumonia, particularly in males and those with fever or cough. 32:T8ff,Limited pharmaceutical options exist for preexposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 beyond vaccination. Azelastine, an antihistamine nasal spray used for decades to treat allergic rhinitis, has in vitro antiviral activity against respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. To determine the efficacy and safety of azelastine nasal spray for prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections in healthy adults. A phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center trial was conducted from March 2023 to July 2024. Healthy adults from the general population were enrolled at the Saarland University Hospital in Germany. Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive azelastine, 0.1%, nasal spray or placebo 3 times daily for 56 days. SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen testing (RAT) was conducted twice weekly, with positive results confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Symptomatic participants with negative RAT results underwent multiplex PCR testing for respiratory viruses. The primary end point was the number of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections during the study. A total of 450 participants were randomized, with 227 assigned to azelastine and 223 to placebo; 299 (66.4%) were female, 151 (33.6%) male, with a mean (SD) age of 33.0 (13.3) years. Most were White (417 [92.7%]), with 4 (0.9%) African, 22 (4.9%) Asian, and 7 (1.6%) of other ethnicity. In the intention-to-treat (ITT) population, the incidence of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection was significantly lower in the azelastine group (n = 5 [2.2%]) compared with the placebo group (n = 15 [6.7%]) (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.11-0.87). As secondary end points, azelastine demonstrated an increase in mean (SD) time to SARS-CoV-2 infection among infected participants (31.2 [9.3] vs 19.5 [14.8] days), a reduction of the overall number of PCR-confirmed symptomatic infections (21 of 227 participants vs 49 of 223 participants), and a lower incidence of PCR-confirmed rhinovirus infections (1.8% vs 6.3%). Adverse events were comparable between the groups. In this single-center trial, azelastine nasal spray was associated with reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections. These findings support the potential of azelastine as a safe prophylactic approach warranting confirmation in larger, multicentric trials. EudraCT number: 2022-003756-13.33:Teb5, Importance Limited pharmaceutical options exist for preexposure prophylaxis of COVID-19 beyond vaccination. Azelastine, an antihistamine nasal spray used for decades to treat allergic rhinitis, has in vitro antiviral activity against respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Objective To determine the efficacy and safety of azelastine nasal spray for prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections in healthy adults. Design, Setting, and Participants A phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center trial was conducted from March 2023 to July 2024. Healthy adults from the general population were enrolled at the Saarland University Hospital in Germany. Interventions Participants were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive azelastine, 0.1%, nasal spray or placebo 3 times daily for 56 days. SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen testing (RAT) was conducted twice weekly, with positive results confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Symptomatic participants with negative RAT results underwent multiplex PCR testing for respiratory viruses. Main Outcome The primary end point was the number of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections during the study. Results A total of 450 participants were randomized, with 227 assigned to azelastine and 223 to placebo; 299 (66.4%) were female, 151 (33.6%) male, with a mean (SD) age of 33.0 (13.3) years. Most were White (417 [92.7%]), with 4 (0.9%) African, 22 (4.9%) Asian, and 7 (1.6%) of other ethnicity. In the intention-to-treat (ITT) population, the incidence of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection was significantly lower in the azelastine group (n = 5 [2.2%]) compared with the placebo group (n = 15 [6.7%]) (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.11-0.87). As secondary end points, azelastine demonstrated an increase in mean (SD) time to SARS-CoV-2 infection among infected participants (31.2 [9.3] vs 19.5 [14.8] days), a reduction of the overall number of PCR-confirmed symptomatic infections (21 of 227 participants vs 49 of 223 participants), and a lower incidence of PCR-confirmed rhinovirus infections (1.8% vs 6.3%). Adverse events were comparable between the groups. Conclusions and Relevance In this single-center trial, azelastine nasal spray was associated with reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infections. These findings support the potential of azelastine as a safe prophylactic approach warranting confirmation in larger, multicentric trials. Trial registration EudraCT number: 2022-003756-13 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Rhinovirus Infection: condition Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Rhinovirus Infection (condition). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. 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URTIs caused by RV-A, RV-B, or RV-C were not associated with asthma risk. RV-B caused no recorded wheezing illnesses.","limitations":"- Small number of wheezing episodes per species (especially RV-B: zero wheezing cases), reducing power to detect weaker associations.\n- Single-country cohort (Finnish children), limiting generalizability.\n- Potential detection bias: children with more symptoms may have been more likely to have nasal samples collected, though home sampling partially mitigated this.","practice_takeaway":"Early wheezing illness driven by RV-A or RV-C — not just any rhinovirus cold — signals meaningfully elevated asthma risk by school age; clinicians can reassure families that common colds (URTIs) from any RV species do not appear to carry the same risk. Vigilant follow-up for asthma development is warranted in toddlers who wheeze with rhinovirus illness, regardless of whether they need hospital care."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","pmid":"42526624","title":"Feasibility of studying respiratory infection transmission in a Swiss household cohort: Findings from the BEready (“Bern, get ready”) study","journal_title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","journal_issn":"1201-9712","published_at":"2026-07-29T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","source_score":12,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-09-01T06:21:09.729Z","updated_at":"2026-09-01T06:21:09.729Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"category","value":"Infectious Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"condition","value":"COVID-19","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"condition","value":"Influenza","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"condition","value":"Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"condition","value":"Respiratory Virus Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"condition","value":"Rhinovirus Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"4","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"modality","value":"Multiplex PCR Diagnostics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"modality","value":"Telemedicine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=193","value_numeric":193},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Prospective Cohort Study (Pilot)","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size of n=193 reflects total human participants (161 adults + 32 children); pets (44 total) are not counted in the human N but were included in sampling protocols — the reported n may be interpreted differently depending on the unit of analysis.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"warning","value":"The paper is dated 2026 but the study period ended September 2024, indicating a roughly 2-year lag to publication — results may not reflect current circulating strains.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2026.109019","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study is a feasibility/pilot study and was not powered to measure transmission rates or clinical outcomes; level of evidence is accordingly low.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This pilot study tested whether decentralized self-sampling for respiratory viruses, online questionnaires, and telemedicine were feasible in the BEready household cohort in Switzerland (May 2023–September 2024), enrolling 108 households (161 adults, 32 children, 29 cats, 15 dogs).","key_result":"78 of 108 households reported 152 disease events; valid sample return rates were 70% (131/188) for index cases and 69% (105/152) for household contacts, but only 51% (24/47) for pets. PCR positivity was 63% (82/131) among index cases and 23% (24/105) among human household contacts.","limitations":"Pilot study with a small, likely self-selected cohort; pet sample return was low (51%), limiting zoonotic transmission analysis; the study period covered a single non-pandemic season, so generalizability to outbreak conditions is uncertain.","practice_takeaway":"Household-based decentralized self-sampling for respiratory viruses is operationally feasible and could serve as a ready-made infrastructure for rapid data collection during future pandemics such as H5N1. Clinicians and public health planners should note that pet sampling remains a weak link requiring protocol improvement."}},{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","pmid":"41457011","title":"Rhinovirus-associated lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized adult patients: a retrospective cohort study","journal_title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","journal_issn":"0022-1899","published_at":"2025-12-29T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","source_score":28,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2025-12-31","doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","days":"14","issn":"0022-1899","rank":"2","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"28","category":"Infectious Diseases","categories":["Infectious Diseases"],"_categories":["Infectious Diseases"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","title":"Rhinovirus-associated lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized adult patients: a retrospective cohort study.","journal":"The Journal of infectious diseases","methods":"","results":"HRV was detected in 4.6% (437/9,544) of patients, with bimodal seasonal peaks (February-April and September-November). Co-infection occurred in 49.0% (214/437), predominantly bacteria (34.1%) and viruses (25.7%). Among the 437 HRV-positive patients, 224 cases complicated with pneumonia, but only 34 (7.8%) met the diagnostic criteria for simple viral pneumonia. Multivariate analysis identified male (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.04-6.99, P = 0.042), fever (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.52-9.44, P = 0.004) and cough (OR 7.33, 95% CI 1.64-32.83, P = 0.009) as independent predictors of simple rhinovirus pneumonia. IF staining confirmed HRV VP3 protein in TBLB/TBCB specimens in 61.5% (8/13) of cases, resolving debates about HRV's LRT cells tropism.","abstract":"$30","keywords":["immunofluorescence staining","lower respiratory infection","rhinovirus","risk factors"],"pubmed_id":"41457011","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2025-12-29T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","ISSN":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"link":[{"URL":"https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiaf651/66141771/jiaf651.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiaf651/66141771/jiaf651.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["Rhinovirus-associated lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized adult patients: a retrospective cohort study"],"author":[{"given":"Rongling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences , Shandong ,"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weifang second people's hospital , Shandong ,"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Zeyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Jiuyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Dingrong","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing ,"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing ,"},{"name":"Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Centre for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing ,"},{"name":"National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital , Beijing ,"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University , Beijing ,"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"member":"286","prefix":"10.1093","source":"Crossref","volume":null,"created":{"date-time":"2025-12-24T12:59:33Z","timestamp":1766581173000,"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2025-12-29T02:55:57Z","timestamp":1766976957834,"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"license":[{"URL":"https://academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights","start":{"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000,"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"am"}],"subject":[],"abstract":"$31","language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiaf651/8405884"}},"subtitle":[],"deposited":{"date-time":"2025-12-29T02:53:52Z","timestamp":1766976832000,"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-1899"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1537-6613"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","reference":null,"short-title":[],"article-number":"jiaf651","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"original-title":[],"container-title":["The Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"reference-count":0,"published-online":{"date-time":null,"timestamp":null,"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"references-count":0,"short-container-title":[],"is-referenced-by-count":0},"unpaywall":{"doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","is_oa":false,"title":"Rhinovirus-associated lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized adult patients: a retrospective cohort study","updated":"2025-12-31T00:49:43+00:00","published_date":"2025-12-24","best_oa_location":null}},"created_at":"2026-01-11T11:19:33.869Z","updated_at":"2026-01-11T11:19:33.869Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"category","value":"Infectious Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pneumonia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"condition","value":"Rhinovirus Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=9544","value_numeric":9544},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"warning","value":"Definition and diagnostic criteria for “simple viral pneumonia” are not described here.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"warning","value":"Histology findings are based on only 13 biopsy/cryobiopsy cases.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"warning","value":"Primary outcome is not explicitly defined; multiple outcomes are reported.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/infdis/jiaf651","tag_type":"warning","value":"Whether bacterial and viral co-infections overlapped is unclear.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A retrospective cohort (January 2020–December 2023) of hospitalized adults tested for human rhinovirus (HRV) by RT-PCR evaluated detection, seasonality, co-infections, pneumonia burden, and histologic evidence of lower airway infection. In HRV RNA–positive cases with available TBLB/TBCB, immunofluorescence for HRV VP3 was performed, and multivariable logistic regression identified predictors of simple rhinovirus pneumonia.","key_result":"HRV was detected in 4.6% (437/9,544); co-infection occurred in 49.0% (214/437), and 224 HRV-positive patients had pneumonia, with 34 (7.8%) meeting criteria for simple viral pneumonia. HRV VP3 was identified by immunofluorescence in 61.5% (8/13) of lung biopsy/cryobiopsy specimens; male sex (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.04–6.99), fever (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.52–9.44), and cough (OR 7.33, 95% CI 1.64–32.83) independently predicted simple rhinovirus pneumonia.","limitations":"Retrospective design limited to hospitalized adults. Histologic confirmation was available in only 13 cases, and nearly half of HRV-positive patients had co-infections, complicating attribution.","practice_takeaway":"In hospitalized adults, HRV can independently cause pneumonia; consider HRV in the differential when RT-PCR is positive, especially in male patients with fever and cough. Histology showing HRV VP3 in lung tissue supports true lower airway infection rather than mere colonization."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.4283","pmid":"40892398","title":"Azelastine Nasal Spray for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infections","journal_title":"JAMA Internal Medicine","journal_issn":"2168-6106","published_at":"2025-09-02T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.4283","source_score":2457,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2025-11-04","doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.4283","days":"30","issn":"2168-6106","rank":"1","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"2457","category":"Medicine, General & Internal","categories":["Medicine, General & Internal"],"_categories":["Medicine, General & Internal"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.4283","title":"Azelastine Nasal Spray for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infections: A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial.","journal":"JAMA internal medicine","methods":"","results":"A total of 450 participants were randomized, with 227 assigned to azelastine and 223 to placebo; 299 (66.4%) were female, 151 (33.6%) male, with a mean (SD) age of 33.0 (13.3) years. Most were White (417 [92.7%]), with 4 (0.9%) African, 22 (4.9%) Asian, and 7 (1.6%) of other ethnicity. In the intention-to-treat (ITT) population, the incidence of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection was significantly lower in the azelastine group (n = 5 [2.2%]) compared with the placebo group (n = 15 [6.7%]) (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.11-0.87). As secondary end points, azelastine demonstrated an increase in mean (SD) time to SARS-CoV-2 infection among infected participants (31.2 [9.3] vs 19.5 [14.8] days), a reduction of the overall number of PCR-confirmed symptomatic infections (21 of 227 participants vs 49 of 223 participants), and a lower incidence of PCR-confirmed rhinovirus infections (1.8% vs 6.3%). Adverse events were comparable between the groups.","abstract":"$32","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"40892398","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2025-09-02T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.4283","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.4283","ISSN":["2168-6106"],"link":[{"URL":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2838335/jamainternal_lehr_2025_oi_250054_1761147096.81745.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":"1309","type":"journal-article","issue":"11","score":1,"title":["Azelastine Nasal Spray for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infections"],"author":[{"given":"Thorsten","family":"Lehr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Meiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ursapharm Arzneimittel GmbH, Saarbruecken, Germany"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Selzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany"}]},{"given":"Torben","family":"Rixecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine V, Saarland University Medical Center, Germany"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Holzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ursapharm Arzneimittel GmbH, Saarbruecken, Germany"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Mösges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ClinCompetence Cologne GmbH, Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, University of Cologne, Germany"}]},{"given":"Sigrun","family":"Smola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Virology, Saarland University Medical Center, Germany"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Bals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine V, Saarland University Medical Center, Germany"},{"name":"Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Germany"}]},{"given":null,"family":null,"sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Alberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Bub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Biwank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Dette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Lale","family":"Dastgir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Kuntz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Johanna Sophie","family":"Kapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Litzenburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Morr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Hacer","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Nelli","family":"Schröder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Seibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Thieser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]},{"given":"Quirin","family":"Werthner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the CONTAIN Study Group"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"member":"10","prefix":"10.1001","source":"Crossref","volume":"185","created":{"date-time":"2025-09-02T15:00:31Z","timestamp":1756825231000,"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2025-11-18T15:47:07Z","timestamp":1763480827134,"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"subject":[],"abstract":"$33","language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2838335"}},"subtitle":["A Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial"],"deposited":{"date-time":"2025-11-03T16:01:03Z","timestamp":1762185663000,"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2168-6106"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"publisher":"American Medical 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Secondary outcomes favored azelastine: time to infection 31.2 vs 19.5 days, symptomatic PCR-confirmed infections 21/227 vs 49/223, rhinovirus infections 1.8% vs 6.3%, with comparable adverse events.","limitations":"Single-center, phase 2 trial in healthy, mostly White, young adults limits generalizability. Follow-up spanned only the 56-day dosing period.","practice_takeaway":"In healthy adults, azelastine 0.1% nasal spray used three times daily for 56 days reduced PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections vs placebo, with similar adverse events. Consider it promising but await confirmation in larger, multicenter trials before broad adoption."}}],"initialOffset":4,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"condition","value":"Rhinovirus Infection"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Conditions","href":"/hub/tag/condition"},{"name":"Rhinovirus Infection"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"condition","hub_tag_value":"Rhinovirus Infection"}}}]]

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