International Journal of Cosmetic Science

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>Porphyrins are ubiquitous metabolites and are constitutive of the bacterial metabolome of healthy skin. Their consideration has until now been limited to their pro‐inflammatory activity in <jats:italic>acne vulgaris</jats:italic>. The present work suggests a new role for these molecules in the onset of skin ageing.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>A mixture of coproporphyrin III and protoporphyrin IX, representative of skin microbiota metabolites, was defined and applied in different skin models. Finally, an in vivo study was conducted to determine the association between porphyrin's abundance and ageing signs.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Bacterial porphyrins penetrated <jats:italic>stratum corneum</jats:italic> and reached living epidermal cells. The porphyrin mixture increased IL‐8, ROS and melanin contents. Porphyrin‐induced melanin synthesis appeared to be regulated by translocator protein TSPO/PBR. In fibroblasts, bacterial metabolites down‐regulated a set of transcripts involved in extracellular matrix architecture and associated with ageing, which was confirmed by a decrease of type I pro‐collagen. Finally, the clinical study established positive and significant correlations between porphyrin abundance and the severity of ageing signs, including invisible spots, brown spots and wrinkles length.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>In summary, porphyrins could play unexpected roles in skin's premature ageing process, a phenomenon we propose to call Porphyr'ageing, that promotes hyperpigmentation, inflammation, oxidative stress and fibroblast cell ageing, leading to dermal matrix weakening.</jats:p></jats:sec>

publication_history

received

accepted

published

Skin‐aging pigmentation: who is the real enemy?

Cells

Facial skin ageing: key concepts and overview of processes

Int J Cosmet Sci

Aging‐associated changes in the adult human skin microbiome and the host factors that affect skin microbiome composition

J Invest Dermatol

New insights into the skin microbial communities and skin aging

Front Microbiol

Aging‐related changes in the diversity of women's skin microbiomes associated with oral bacteria

Sci Rep

Culture dependent and independent approaches reveal the role of specific bacteria in human skin aging

iMetaOmics

Biogeography and individuality shape function in the human skin metagenome

Nature

Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome

Science

Shotgun metagenomic sequencing reveals skin microbial variability from different facial sites

The human skin microbiome

Nat Rev Microbiol

Temporal stability of the human skin microbiome

Cell

Noncanonical coproporphyrin‐dependent bacterial heme biosynthesis pathway that does not use protoporphyrin

Proc Natl Acad Sci

Porphyrin metabolisms in human skin commensal Propionibacterium acnes bacteria: potential application to monitor human radiation risk

Curr Med Chem

Hautuntersuchungen im Gefilterten Quarzlicht

Klin Wochenschr

Red fluorescence of Comedones: production of porphyrins by Corynebacterium acnes

Facial follicular porphyrin fluorescence: correlation with age and density of Propionibacterium acnes

Br J Dermatol

ALA induced photodynamic effects on gram positive and negative bacteria

Photochem Photobiol Sci

Measuring acne using coproporphyrin III, protoporphyrin IX, and lesion‐specific inflammation: an exploratory study

Arch Dermatol Res

Porphyrins produced by acneic Cutibacterium acnes strains activate the inflammasome by inducing K+ leakage

iScience

New insights into the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that shape the human skin microbiome

mBio

Acne‐related UVA‐induced facial fluorescence: An exploratory study from physiological properties to tissue structure information

J Photochem Photobiol B

Charting host‐microbe co‐metabolism in skin aging and application to metagenomics data

PLoS One

Prokaryotic heme biosynthesis: multiple pathways to a common essential product

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev MMBR

In vitro detection of porphyrin‐producing wound bacteria with real‐time fluorescence imaging

Future Microbiol

Fluorescence spectroscopy shows porphyrins produced by cultured Oral bacteria differ depending on composition of growth media

Caries Res

Endogenous porphyrin production in bacteria by δ‐aminolaevulinic acid and subsequent bacterial Photoeradication

Lasers Med Sci

In vivo porphyrin production by P. acnes in untreated acne patients and its modulation by acne treatment

Acta Derm Venereol

Strain‐level differences in porphyrin production and regulation in Propionibacterium acnes elucidate disease associations

mSphere

Induction of a chemoattractive proinflammatory cytokine response after stimulation of keratinocytes with Propionibacterium acnes and coproporphyrin III

From dysbiosis to healthy skin: major Contributions of Cutibacterium acnes to skin homeostasis

Microorganisms

Cutibacterium improves skin condition

Protoporphyrin IX stimulates melanogenesis, melanocyte dendricity, and melanosome transport through the cGMP/PKG pathway

Front Pharmacol

Epidermal thickness at different body sites: relationship to age, gender, pigmentation, blood content, skin type and smoking habits

Measurement of epidermis, dermis, and Total skin thicknesses from six different face regions

Selcuk Tip Derg

Measurement of epidermis, dermis, and total skin thicknesses from six different body regions with a new ethical histometric technique

Turk J Plast Surg

Porphyrin concentrations in various human tissues

Exp Dermatol

The study of endogenous porphyrins in human skin and their potential for photodynamic therapy by laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy

Porphyrin production and regulation in cutaneous Propionibacteria

Porphyrin production by Cutibacterium acnes: developing a screening method to identify novel inhibitors

IFSCC Mag

Porphyrin production by Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains from clinical isolates

Chem Biodivers

Changes of intracellular porphyrin, reactive oxygen species, and fatty acids profiles during inactivation of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus by antimicrobial blue light

Front Physiol

Inhibitory effect of piperlonguminine on melanin production in melanoma B16 cell line by downregulation of tyrosinase expression

Pigment Cell Res

Investigating the role of Cutibacterium acnes in the development of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH)

Elucidating the pivotal role of TSPO in porphyrin‐related cellular processes, in Bacillus cereus

Biochimie

Transient protection by peripheral benzodiazepine receptors during the early events of ultraviolet light‐induced apoptosis

Cell Death Differ

The expression of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in human skin: the relationship with epidermal cell differentiation

Diazepam enhances melanogenesis, melanocyte dendricity and melanosome transport via the PBR/cAMP/PKA pathway

Int J Biochem Cell Biol

Involvement of peripheral‐type benzodiazepine receptors in the intracellular transport of heme and porphyrins

J Biochem (Tokyo)

Protoporphyrin IX binding and transport by recombinant mouse PBR

Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Structure of the mitochondrial translocator protein in complex with a diagnostic ligand

Inflammaging and immunosenescence as part of skin aging‐a narrative review

Int J Mol Sci

Hallmarks and biomarkers of skin senescence: an updated review of skin senotherapeutics

Antioxidants

Interleukin‐8 production is regulated by protein kinase C in human keratinocytes

Interleukin‐8: An evolving chemokine

Cytokine

Characterization of skin aging–associated secreted proteins (SAASP) produced by dermal fibroblasts isolated from intrinsically aged human skin

Irradiation of skin with visible light induces reactive oxygen species and matrix‐degrading enzymes

The potential role of antioxidants in mitigating skin hyperpigmentation resulting from ultraviolet and visible light‐induced oxidative stress

Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed

NF‐κB accumulation associated with COL1A1 trans activators defects during chronological aging represses type I collagen expression through a −112/−61‐bp region of the COL1A1 promoter in human skin fibroblasts

The effect of aging in primary human dermal fibroblasts

Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age‐dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation

Am J Pathol

The role of telomeres in the ageing of human skin

Potential of naturally derived compounds in telomerase and telomere modulation in skin senescence and aging

Association between telomere length and skin cancer and aging: a mendelian randomization analysis

Front Genet

Age‐associated decrease of the nerve growth factor protein expression in the human skin: preliminary findings

J Dermatol Sci

High abundances of neurotrophin 3 in atopic dermatitis mast cell

J Occup Med Toxicol

Sirtuins, a promising target in slowing down the ageing process

Biogerontology

The main causes and corresponding solutions of skin pigmentation in the body

JDSCT

In vivo melanin 3D quantification and z‐epidermal distribution by multiphoton FLIM, phasor and pseudo‐FLIM analyses

Correlation between facial skin damage due to UV exposure and facial skin porphyrin level: study on students of SMA kalam Kudus II Jakarta, Indonesia

Biosci Med J Biomed Transl Res

Whitening effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus associated with its antioxidative activities

Korean J Microbiol Biotechnol

Senescent fibroblasts drive ageing pigmentation: a potential therapeutic target for senile lentigo

Theranostics

Oxidative stress in human facial skin observed by ultraweak photon emission imaging and its correlation with biophysical properties of skin

Porphyrin‐induced protein oxidation and aggregation as a mechanism of porphyria‐associated cell injury

Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol

Bacterial taxa predictive of hyperpigmented skins

Health Sci Rep

Porphyrins are ubiquitous metabolites and are constitutive of the bacterial metabolome of healthy skin. Their consideration has until now been limited to their pro-inflammatory activity in acne vulgaris. The present work suggests a new role for these molecules in the onset of skin ageing.
A mixture of coproporphyrin III and protoporphyrin IX, representative of skin microbiota metabolites, was defined and applied in different skin models. Finally, an in vivo study was conducted to determine the association between porphyrin's abundance and ageing signs.
Bacterial porphyrins penetrated stratum corneum and reached living epidermal cells. The porphyrin mixture increased IL-8, ROS and melanin contents. Porphyrin-induced melanin synthesis appeared to be regulated by translocator protein TSPO/PBR. In fibroblasts, bacterial metabolites down-regulated a set of transcripts involved in extracellular matrix architecture and associated with ageing, which was confirmed by a decrease of type I pro-collagen. Finally, the clinical study established positive and significant correlations between porphyrin abundance and the severity of ageing signs, including invisible spots, brown spots and wrinkles length.
In summary, porphyrins could play unexpected roles in skin's premature ageing process, a phenomenon we propose to call Porphyr'ageing, that promotes hyperpigmentation, inflammation, oxidative stress and fibroblast cell ageing, leading to dermal matrix weakening.
Les porphyrines sont des métabolites omniprésents et constituent le métabolome bactérien de la peau saine. Leur prise en compte a jusqu’à présent été limitée à leur activité pro‐inflammatoire dans l’acné vulgaire. Le présent travail suggère un nouveau rôle pour ces molécules dans l’apparition du vieillissement cutané. MÉTHODES: Un mélange de coproporphyrine III et de protoporphyrine IX, représentatif des métabolites du microbiote cutané, a été défini et appliqué dans différents modèles cutanés. Enfin, une étude in vivo a été réalisée pour déterminer l’association entre l’abondance des porphyrines et les signes de vieillissement. RÉSULTATS: Les porphyrines bactériennes ont pénétré dans la couche cornée et atteint les cellules épidermiques vivantes. Le mélange de porphyrines a augmenté les contenus en IL‐8, ROS et mélanine. La synthèse de mélanine induite par les porphyrines semble être régulée par la protéine translocatrice TSPO/PBR. Dans les fibroblastes, les métabolites bactériens ont régulé à la baisse un ensemble de transcrits impliqués dans l’architecture de la matrice extracellulaire et associés au vieillissement, ce qui a été confirmé par une diminution du pro‐collagène de type I. Enfin, l’étude clinique a établi des corrélations positives et significatives entre l’abondance des porphyrines et la gravité des signes de vieillissement, y compris les taches invisibles, les taches brunes et la longueur des rides.
En résumé, les porphyrines pourraient jouer des rôles inattendus dans le processus de vieillissement prématuré de la peau, un phénomène que nous proposons d’appeler Porphyr’ageing, qui favorise l’hyperpigmentation, l’inflammation, le stress oxydatif et le vieillissement des cellules fibroblastes, conduisant à un affaiblissement de la matrice dermique.

Bacterial porphyrins in healthy skin: Microbiota components impact melanogenesis and age-related processes leading to Porphyr'ageing.

Bacterial porphyrins in healthy skin: Microbiota components impact melanogenesis and age‐related processes leading to Porphyr'ageing

Skin Research and Technology

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction</jats:title><jats:p>Improvement of skin barrier strength could lead to healthy and youthful appearance. “Beauty inside‐out” approach using nutraceuticals such as tomato derived carotenoids to support skin barrier strength could be of benefit to the ageing population.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method</jats:title><jats:p>A panel of 60 female subjects were provided with the Lumenato capsules (containing carotenoids) or placebo capsules as nutritional supplements for 3 months. Skin health and barrier function were observed using evaporimeter which measures trans epidermal water loss (TEWL). Barrier strength was determined by study of the number of strippings required to disrupt skin barrier and barrier repair was observed in terms of TEWL a few hours after barrier disruption. Cutometer was used to observe skin firmness and elasticity. Measurements were obtained before treatment and after 4 and 12 weeks of use.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Results indicated a statistically significant improvement (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) in skin barrier strength; a higher number of strippings were required to disrupt skin barrier after 12 weeks of supplement use. There was also a significant improvement in skin firmness and elasticity as observed with a cutometer.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>Based on the confines and conditions of this study, oral supplementation with Lumenato resulted in significant improvement in skin barrier as well as skin firmness and elasticity.</jats:p></jats:sec>

The clinical relevance of maintaining the functional integrity of the stratum corneum in both healthy and disease‐affected skin

J Clin Aesthet Dermatol

Understanding the epidermal barrier in healthy and compromised skin: clinically relevant information for the dermatology practitioner proceedings of an expert panel roundtable meeting

Supp J Clin Aesthetic Derm

Natural moisturizing factors (NMF) in the stratum corneum (SC). I. Effects of lipid extraction and soaking

J Cosmet Sci

Effect of oral supplement “Lycopene” on reducing the signs of skin ageing

Clin Pharmacol Biopharm

Effects of golden tomato extract on skin appearance‐outlook into gene expression in cultured dermal fibroblasts and on trans‐epidermal water loss and skin barrier in human subjects

J Cosmet Dermatol

Effect of Lumenato oral supplementation on plasma carotenoid levels and improvement of visual and experiential skin attributes

Skin hydration assessment through modern non‐invasive bioengineering technologies

Maedica (Buchar)

Improvement of skin barrier strength could lead to healthy and youthful appearance. "Beauty inside-out" approach using nutraceuticals such as tomato derived carotenoids to support skin barrier strength could be of benefit to the ageing population.
A panel of 60 female subjects were provided with the Lumenato capsules (containing carotenoids) or placebo capsules as nutritional supplements for 3 months. Skin health and barrier function were observed using evaporimeter which measures trans epidermal water loss (TEWL). Barrier strength was determined by study of the number of strippings required to disrupt skin barrier and barrier repair was observed in terms of TEWL a few hours after barrier disruption. Cutometer was used to observe skin firmness and elasticity. Measurements were obtained before treatment and after 4 and 12 weeks of use.
Results indicated a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) in skin barrier strength; a higher number of strippings were required to disrupt skin barrier after 12 weeks of supplement use. There was also a significant improvement in skin firmness and elasticity as observed with a cutometer.
Based on the confines and conditions of this study, oral supplementation with Lumenato resulted in significant improvement in skin barrier as well as skin firmness and elasticity.

Effect of Lumenato a Tomato derived oral supplement on improving skin barrier strength.

Effect of Lumenato a Tomato derived oral supplement on improving skin barrier strength

Papers