2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T55e,To study and assess the association of various eye disorders with the development of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD/ADD). A nationwide, retrospective cohort-study, utilising anonymised electronic medical records (EMR) data on all insured individuals aged 5-30 in Maccabi Health Services (MHS), the second largest health maintenance organisation in Israel, during 2010-2022. The final analysis included 665,121 individuals from an initial cohort of 1,686,128 after applying selection criteria and propensity score matching. Of these, 68,976 (10.4%) developed ADHD/ADD. ADHD/ADD was more common and developed faster in those with eye disorders (HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.38-1.42 and 4.5 versus 4.9 years, p < 0.001, respectively). All evaluated eye disorders served as significant risk factors (strabismus: HR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.49-1.80; hyperopia: HR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.47-1.56; astigmatism: HR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.48-1.56; amblyopia: HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.27-1.54; myopia: HR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.28-1.33). Similar findings were evident when assessing combinations of eye disorders. These associations were far more pronounced in females and the paediatric population (p < 0.001 and p = 0.044, respectively). Eye disorders serve as risk factors for the development of ADHD/ADD, particularly in females and in the paediatric population.31:T8f6,Abstract Objectives To study and assess the association of various eye disorders with the development of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD/ADD). Methods A nationwide, retrospective cohort-study, utilising anonymised electronic medical records (EMR) data on all insured individuals aged 5–30 in Maccabi Health Services (MHS), the second largest health maintenance organisation in Israel, during 2010–2022. Results The final analysis included 665,121 individuals from an initial cohort of 1,686,128 after applying selection criteria and propensity score matching. Of these, 68,976 (10.4%) developed ADHD/ADD. ADHD/ADD was more common and developed faster in those with eye disorders (HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.38–1.42 and 4.5 versus 4.9 years, p < 0.001, respectively). All evaluated eye disorders served as significant risk factors (strabismus: HR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.49–1.80; hyperopia: HR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.47–1.56; astigmatism: HR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.48–1.56; amblyopia: HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.27–1.54; myopia: HR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.28–1.33). Similar findings were evident when assessing combinations of eye disorders. These associations were far more pronounced in females and the paediatric population ( p < 0.001 and p = 0.044, respectively). Conclusions Eye disorders serve as risk factors for the development of ADHD/ADD, particularly in females and in the paediatric population. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Strabismus: condition Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Strabismus (condition). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. Updated daily.\",\"url\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition/Strabismus\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research Hub\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Conditions\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Strabismus\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition/Strabismus\"}]}}"}}]],["$","$L2f",null,{"title":"Strabismus: Research & Clinical Takeaways","description":"Discover peer-reviewed research on Strabismus with concise clinician summaries and next-step guidance.","papers":[{"doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","pmid":null,"title":"362 Financial conflict of interest disclosures at the AAPOS 2024 annual conference","journal_title":"Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus","journal_issn":"1091-8531","published_at":"2026-08-28T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":false,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-09-02T06:22:22.245Z","updated_at":"2026-09-05T06:20:10.723Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","tag_type":"age_group","value":"pediatric","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","tag_type":"category","value":"Pediatrics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","tag_type":"condition","value":"Conflict of Interest in Medical Conferences","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pediatric Ophthalmology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","tag_type":"condition","value":"Strabismus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Conference Abstract / Descriptive Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Observational Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","tag_type":"warning","value":"Only the paper title, DOI, journal, and publication date were provided — no abstract, methods, results, or conclusions were available. All structured fields are based solely on the title. Key quantitative findings, sample size, and study design could not be confirmed.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design classified as 'Observational Study' based on the nature of conference disclosure analysis; this is an inference from the title only.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design is ambiguous from the title alone — it could be a descriptive analysis, audit, or survey; this classification carries uncertainty.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","tag_type":"warning","value":"The paper metadata provides only a title, DOI, journal, and publication date — no abstract, methods, results, or sample size were supplied. All summary fields have been set to null due to insufficient source content. Tags and suggested searches are inferred solely from the title and journal context.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","tag_type":"warning","value":"The publication date (2026-08-28) is in the future relative to common indexing timelines; this may be an ahead-of-print or preprint record.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.105278","tag_type":"warning","value":"The publication date (2026-08-28) is in the future relative to today's date (September 5, 2026) by only days, suggesting this may be an ahead-of-print or early access article with limited available content.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This study examined financial conflict of interest (fCOI) disclosures made by presenters at the AAPOS 2024 annual conference.","limitations":"The abstract/full text provides insufficient detail to extract specific findings, outcomes, or quantitative results."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","pmid":"42520922","title":"Pediatric eye conditions detected by a school-based photoscreening in American Samoa","journal_title":"Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus","journal_issn":"1091-8531","published_at":"2026-07-28T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-09-04T06:22:10.737Z","updated_at":"2026-09-04T06:22:10.737Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"age_group","value":"pediatric","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"brand","value":"PlusOptix S12","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"category","value":"Pediatrics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"condition","value":"Amblyopia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"condition","value":"Astigmatism","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"condition","value":"Refractive Error","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"condition","value":"Strabismus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"4","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"modality","value":"Photoscreening","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=743","value_numeric":743},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Chart Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"warning","value":"Amblyopia prevalence specifically is not clearly reported as a distinct diagnosis in the results — the paper focuses on amblyogenic risk factors (ARFs) rather than confirmed amblyopia diagnoses.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"warning","value":"Only children who failed the photoscreener received a cycloplegic exam; children who passed were not examined, so false-negative rates and true population prevalence cannot be calculated from this data.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2026.104911","tag_type":"warning","value":"The paper is published in 2026 and the sample is limited to American Samoa, a single Pacific Island territory; findings may not generalize broadly.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Retrospective chart review of a school-based photoscreening program (PlusOptix S12) in children aged 3–18 years in American Samoa over 13 months, assessing prevalence of refractive error, amblyopia, strabismus, and other ocular pathology in an under-represented Pacific Islander population.","key_result":"Of 743 screened children, 122 (16%) failed; among those examined, 36% had refractive error (dominated by astigmatism: 42/122), 2% had strabismus, and 7% had other ocular pathology. 63% met the threshold for spectacle correction. The PlusOptix PPV was 42% (95% CI, 33%–51%) for amblyogenic risk factors and 82% (95% CI, 75%–89%) for identifying children needing follow-up care.","limitations":"- Only children who failed screening received a full cycloplegic exam, so true prevalence in the whole screened population cannot be determined.\n- Retrospective design limits causal inference and may have incomplete data capture.\n- Single-program, single-territory sample limits generalizability to other Pacific Islander or resource-limited settings.","practice_takeaway":"The PlusOptix photoscreener is a reasonable tool for school-based vision screening in under-resourced Pacific Island settings, with an 82% PPV for identifying children needing care. Clinicians should anticipate a high burden of astigmatism and spectacle need in this population, while strabismus rates appear lower than in other screening programs."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","pmid":"42508772","title":"Vision screening outcomes and follow-up intervals among socioeconomically disadvantaged students from a school-based vision program","journal_title":"Ophthalmology","journal_issn":"0161-6420","published_at":"2026-07-27T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","source_score":3,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-05T13:22:49.415Z","updated_at":"2026-08-05T13:22:49.415Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","tag_type":"age_group","value":"pediatric","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","tag_type":"category","value":"Ophthalmology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","tag_type":"condition","value":"Amblyopia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pediatric Vision Disorders","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","tag_type":"condition","value":"Strabismus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"safety_signal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"4","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","tag_type":"modality","value":"Vision Screening","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=41236","value_numeric":41236},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","tag_type":"warning","value":"Follow-up care after referral was not tracked — exam completion rates may underestimate the true gap in care.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","tag_type":"warning","value":"The DOI/publication date is listed as 2026-07-27; this appears to be a forthcoming or recently published article, so full-text details beyond the abstract were not available for review.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.07.020","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study was conducted in a single urban Texas district with a median school-level FARM% of 93.9%, so results may not generalize to less economically disadvantaged or more racially diverse settings.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Retrospective cross-sectional study evaluating screening failure rates, eye exam completion, eyeglass prescribing, and follow-up intervals among 41,236 pre-K through 5th grade students (ages 4–13) in a school-based vision program (SBVP) in Fort Worth, TX (2022–2024), focusing on a predominantly Hispanic, economically disadvantaged district.","key_result":"21.1% of students failed screening; only 44.6% of those completed a follow-up eye exam. Hispanic and Black students had higher odds of screening failure (OR 1.35 and 1.36, respectively). After failure, Hispanic students were more likely to complete an exam (OR 1.27), while Black students were less likely (OR 0.82). Greater school-level economic disadvantage was linked to both higher failure rates and higher exam completion. Among students examined, 14.2% needed follow-up within 6 months, driven largely by amblyopia (68.9%) and strabismus (64.1%) diagnoses.","limitations":"Retrospective cross-sectional design limits causal inference. The study does not track whether students successfully reached follow-up care after referral. Findings are from a single urban Texas district and may not generalize broadly.","practice_takeaway":"SBVPs in high-poverty settings reveal substantial unmet vision needs and racial disparities in care completion — Black students who fail screening are less likely to follow through with an exam. Clinicians and program planners should build active referral tracking and targeted outreach for Black students, and ensure children with amblyopia or strabismus have clear pathways to timely follow-up care."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","pmid":"42166152","title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of a Retinal Birefringence Scanning Device Compared With a Traditional Autorefraction Device","journal_title":"JAMA Ophthalmology","journal_issn":"2168-6165","published_at":"2026-05-21T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13195499/","source_score":12,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-20T13:35:44.529Z","updated_at":"2026-07-20T13:35:44.529Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"age_group","value":"pediatric","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"brand","value":"Blinq","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"brand","value":"Spot Vision Screener","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"category","value":"Ophthalmology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"condition","value":"Amblyopia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"condition","value":"Strabismus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"condition","value":"Visually Significant Refractive Error","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"generic","value":"retinal birefringence scanner","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"modality","value":"Autorefraction Photoscreening","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"modality","value":"Retinal Birefringence Scanning","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=139","value_numeric":139},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Prospective Diagnostic Accuracy Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"warning","value":"Randomization was for testing order, not treatment assignment; this is a diagnostic accuracy study, not an RCT despite the randomized element.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study enrolled children up to age 18 but the RBS device's FDA clearance is for ages 2–8; performance outside that age range may not be valid for the Blinq device.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"warning","value":"The Blinq device (Rebion) is the commercial successor to the Pediatric Vision Scanner; the FDA regulatory data in the appendix (sensitivity 88.81%, specificity 91.74% in a 2013 pivotal trial) should not be conflated with the 2024–2025 JAMA study results.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.1531","tag_type":"warning","value":"The full text embedded in the paper contains an FDA De Novo classification document for the Pediatric Vision Scanner (Rebiscan, 2013), which is a separate regulatory document unrelated to the JAMA Ophthalmology study. Summary and tags reflect the JAMA Ophthalmology study only.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This prospective, randomized, masked diagnostic accuracy cohort study compared the Spot Vision Screener (traditional autorefraction) vs. the Blinq vision scanner (retinal birefringence scanning, RBS) for detecting amblyopia, strabismus, or visually significant refractive error (VSRE) in 139 children ≤18 years (median age 50 months) referred to a pediatric ophthalmology clinic (January 2024–February 2025).","key_result":"The traditional autorefractor showed higher sensitivity than the RBS device for amblyopia (+29%; P=.03) and VSRE (+41%; P<.001), with no difference for strabismus. No difference in specificity was found for any condition. The AUROC favored the traditional device for amblyopia (difference −0.13; 95% CI, −0.23 to −0.03; P=.01). Condition prevalence: amblyopia 15.1%, strabismus 32.4%, VSRE 30.1%.","limitations":"- Single-site study at a tertiary pediatric ophthalmology referral center, limiting generalizability to primary care or community screening settings.\n- High-risk, referred population (not general population), inflating disease prevalence and potentially skewing sensitivity/specificity estimates.\n- 56 of 195 enrolled participants (29%) did not complete both tests, introducing possible selection bias.","practice_takeaway":"In a referred pediatric population, the traditional autorefraction device (Spot Vision Screener) detected amblyopia and refractive errors more reliably than the retinal birefringence scanner (Blinq), with no trade-off in specificity. Clinicians should not assume the newer RBS technology offers a meaningful screening advantage over established photoscreeners for comprehensive pediatric vision screening."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","pmid":"42162761","title":"Prevalence of Strabismus and Decreased Stereopsis in Parents of Children with Strabismus","journal_title":"Ophthalmology","journal_issn":"0161-6420","published_at":"2026-05-19T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","source_score":3,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-31T13:35:42.354Z","updated_at":"2026-05-31T13:35:42.354Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"category","value":"Ophthalmology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"condition","value":"Decreased Stereopsis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"condition","value":"Esotropia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"condition","value":"Exotropia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"condition","value":"Strabismus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"modality","value":"Orthoptic Examination","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=2164","value_numeric":2164},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Prospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"warning","value":"Only 481 of 2,164 enrolled parents completed orthoptic examination; the majority provided self-reported data only, which the authors note significantly underestimates true prevalence.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design is labeled prospective cohort for the parent arm but retrospective review for the control child cohort — mixed design may affect level-of-evidence classification.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.05.016","tag_type":"warning","value":"The control group consisted of children (aged ≥8), not adults, making direct stereopsis comparisons with parental rates indirect.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This prospective cohort study examined the prevalence of strabismus and subnormal stereopsis in 481 parents (303 mothers, 178 fathers) of children with strabismus (infantile, accommodative, non-accommodative esotropia, and exotropia) at Boston Children's Hospital, compared against 208 control children aged ≥8 with no visual complaints.","key_result":"50.2% of mothers and 60.1% of fathers had abnormal sensorimotor exams; strabismus was found in 22.4% of mothers and 28.1% of fathers. Most parents shared the same deviation type as their child. Subnormal stereopsis affected 14.9% of controls with no strabismus history.","limitations":"- Only 481 of 2,164 enrolled parents underwent full orthoptic examination, raising selection bias concerns.\n- Reliance on self-reported survey data for a large subset underestimates true prevalence (discrepancy noted by authors).\n- Control group comprised children, not adults, limiting direct comparison with parental stereopsis rates.","practice_takeaway":"Consider screening parents of children with strabismus for strabismus and subnormal stereopsis, as over half show sensorimotor abnormalities—many previously undiagnosed. Subnormal stereopsis may serve as a subclinical marker worth capturing in genetic biobank studies of strabismus."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","pmid":"42067049","title":"Incidence of Strabismus in Children With Retinopathy of Prematurity","journal_title":"American Journal of Ophthalmology","journal_issn":"0002-9394","published_at":"2026-04-29T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","source_score":3,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-30T13:22:40.579Z","updated_at":"2026-05-30T13:22:40.579Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"age_group","value":"pediatric","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"category","value":"Ophthalmology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"condition","value":"Amblyopia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"condition","value":"Nystagmus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"condition","value":"Retinopathy of Prematurity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"condition","value":"Strabismus","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"modality","value":"Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Injection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"modality","value":"Laser Photocoagulation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=27720","value_numeric":27720},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"warning","value":"ROP severity (stage, zone, plus disease) and gestational age/birth weight are not reported, making it difficult to rule out confounding by disease severity between treated and untreated groups.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sex distribution of the cohort is not reported in the abstract; the 'mixed' sex tag is assumed based on the general pediatric population studied.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ajo.2026.04.025","tag_type":"warning","value":"The specific data source (e.g., insurance claims database, registry) is not described in the abstract, which may affect generalizability and diagnostic ascertainment.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Retrospective cohort study estimating cumulative incidence of strabismus in children (≤18 years) diagnosed with ROP, comparing 973 treated patients (laser photocoagulation and/or intravitreal anti-VEGF) vs. 26,747 untreated patients, with Kaplan-Meier analysis at 1, 3, and 5 years post-diagnosis.","key_result":"At 5 years, strabismus developed in 34.78% of treated vs. 22.14% of untreated ROP patients. Esodeviations were the most common subtype (22.35% treated, 11.87% untreated). Treatment exposure independently raised strabismus risk (aHR 1.58; 95% CI 1.29–1.95); amblyopia (aHR 2.58) and nystagmus (aHR 1.76) were also independent risk factors.","limitations":"- Retrospective design limits causal inference; treated patients likely had more severe ROP at baseline, introducing confounding by indication.\n- Claims-based or registry data may undercount strabismus if not formally coded or diagnosed.\n- No data on degree of prematurity, birth weight, or ROP stage/zone, which are key severity confounders.","practice_takeaway":"Children treated for ROP carry a ~35% risk of strabismus by age 5—nearly 1 in 3. Clinicians should schedule early and regular orthoptic follow-up for all ROP patients, with heightened vigilance when amblyopia or nystagmus are also present."}},{"doi":"10.1038/s41433-025-04227-w","pmid":"41514075","title":"Association between eye disorders and the development of ADHD/ADD: a nationwide retrospective cohort study","journal_title":"Eye","journal_issn":"0950-222X","published_at":"2026-01-10T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-025-04227-w","source_score":10,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-01-13","doi":"10.1038/s41433-025-04227-w","days":"7","issn":"0950-222X","rank":"6","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"10","category":"Ophthalmology","categories":["Ophthalmology"],"_categories":["Ophthalmology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1038/s41433-025-04227-w","title":"Association between eye disorders and the development of ADHD/ADD: a nationwide retrospective cohort study.","journal":"Eye (London, England)","methods":"","results":"The final analysis included 665,121 individuals from an initial cohort of 1,686,128 after applying selection criteria and propensity score matching. Of these, 68,976 (10.4%) developed ADHD/ADD. ADHD/ADD was more common and developed faster in those with eye disorders (HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.38-1.42 and 4.5 versus 4.9 years, p < 0.001, respectively). All evaluated eye disorders served as significant risk factors (strabismus: HR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.49-1.80; hyperopia: HR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.47-1.56; astigmatism: HR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.48-1.56; amblyopia: HR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.27-1.54; myopia: HR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.28-1.33). Similar findings were evident when assessing combinations of eye disorders. These associations were far more pronounced in females and the paediatric population (p < 0.001 and p = 0.044, respectively).","abstract":"$30","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"41514075","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2026-01-10T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1038/s41433-025-04227-w","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-025-04227-w","ISSN":["0950-222X","1476-5454"],"link":[{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-025-04227-w.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-025-04227-w","content-type":"text/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-025-04227-w.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["Association between eye disorders and the development of ADHD/ADD: a nationwide retrospective cohort study"],"author":[{"given":"Asaf","family":"Israeli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eedy","family":"Mezer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"funder":[{"id":[{"id":"10.13039/501100006297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"DOI":"10.13039/501100006297","name":"Maccabbi Healthcare Services","award":["N/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N/A"]}],"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"id":[{"id":"10.13039/501100006297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"DOI":"10.13039/501100006297","name":"Maccabbi Healthcare Services","award":["N/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N/A"]}],"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"member":"297","prefix":"10.1038","source":"Crossref","volume":null,"created":{"date-time":"2026-01-09T08:27:20Z","timestamp":1767947240000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2026-01-10T03:00:33Z","timestamp":1768014033322,"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"license":[{"URL":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","start":{"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"tdm"},{"URL":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0","start":{"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"vor"}],"subject":[],"abstract":"$31","language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-025-04227-w"}},"subtitle":[],"assertion":[{"name":"received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Received","order":1,"value":"16 September 2024"},{"name":"revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Revised","order":2,"value":"5 December 2025"},{"name":"accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"Accepted","order":3,"value":"22 December 2025"},{"name":"first_online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"},"label":"First Online","order":4,"value":"9 January 2026"},{"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"},"order":1,"value":"The authors declare no competing interests."}],"deposited":{"date-time":"2026-01-09T20:03:58Z","timestamp":1767989038000,"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0950-222X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1476-5454"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","reference":[{"DOI":"10.15585/mmwr.su7102a1","key":"4227_CR1","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"RH Bitsko","volume":"71","first-page":"1","unstructured":"Bitsko RH, Claussen AH, Lichstein J, Black LI, Jones SE, Danielson ML, et al. 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Disorder-specific HRs: strabismus 1.64 (1.49–1.80), hyperopia 1.52 (1.47–1.56), astigmatism 1.52 (1.48–1.56), amblyopia 1.40 (1.27–1.54), myopia 1.30 (1.28–1.33); effects were more pronounced in females (p<0.001) and the pediatric population (p=0.044).","limitations":"Retrospective EMR-based design with potential residual confounding and limited ability to prove temporality despite a one-year washout and matching. Reliance on diagnostic coding and clinician documentation. Education level and some access-to-care variables were unavailable.","practice_takeaway":"Eye disorders were associated with higher and earlier risk of ADHD/ADD, with stronger signals in females and children; clinicians may consider targeted ADHD screening or referral for patients with refractive errors, strabismus, or amblyopia."}}],"initialOffset":7,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"condition","value":"Strabismus"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Conditions","href":"/hub/tag/condition"},{"name":"Strabismus"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"condition","hub_tag_value":"Strabismus"}}}]]

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