2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T6e1,Subjective smell and taste disorders were frequently reported during and after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (SCI), but mostly investigated by interviews/questionnaires. We examined from 07/2021 to 10/2022 objective (U-Sniff/Taste Strips) and subjective (questionnaire-based) impairment in children with (1) acute SCI (AC; n = 30) and other upper respiratory tract infection (n = 34), (2) children with (PI+; n = 28)/without (PI-; n = 13) remaining symptoms ≥12 weeks after SCI and (3) as control 18 noninfected children. Children with acute infections were examined blinded regarding the results of their SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction. Statistics: X², F test, Kruskal-Wallis, P < 0.05. Abnormal test results occurred in up to a fifth of children. Severe hyposmia was detected in 17% of children with upper respiratory tract infection and 21% in PI+, severe hypogeusia was mostly in AC children (18%), followed by both postinfection groups (PI+ 12%, PI- 10%). Subjective smell impairment was significantly more frequent in PI+ (32% vs. ≤7% in all other groups), similar for taste (PI+ = 29%, AC = 14% vs. ≤10% in all other groups). Children in PI+ and PI- reported significantly more negative sensory affects ("tastes/smells disgusting," 14% each), without correlation with abnormal test results. In the omicron era, hyposmia and hypogeusia are not pathognomonic for acute SARS-CoV-2 infections. In a subgroup, SARS-CoV-2 can cause long-lasting taste and smell impairment, mostly aversive changes, which are not detected by the validated tests. It is therefore essentially necessary to apply objective and subjective methods at the same time to improve the detection of hyposmia and hypogeusia in children.31:Ta10, Background: Subjective smell and taste disorders were frequently reported during and after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (SCI), but mostly investigated by interviews/questionnaires. Methods: We examined from 07/2021 to 10/2022 objective (U-Sniff/Taste Strips) and subjective (questionnaire-based) impairment in children with (1) acute SCI (AC; n = 30) and other upper respiratory tract infection (n = 34), (2) children with (PI+; n = 28)/without (PI−; n = 13) remaining symptoms ≥12 weeks after SCI and (3) as control 18 noninfected children. Children with acute infections were examined blinded regarding the results of their SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction. Statistics: X², F test, Kruskal–Wallis, P < 0.05. Results: Abnormal test results occurred in up to a fifth of children. Severe hyposmia was detected in 17% of children with upper respiratory tract infection and 21% in PI+, severe hypogeusia was mostly in AC children (18%), followed by both postinfection groups (PI+ 12%, PI− 10%). Subjective smell impairment was significantly more frequent in PI+ (32% vs. ≤7% in all other groups), similar for taste (PI+ = 29%, AC = 14% vs. ≤10% in all other groups). Children in PI+ and PI− reported significantly more negative sensory affects (“tastes/smells disgusting,” 14% each), without correlation with abnormal test results. Conclusion: In the omicron era, hyposmia and hypogeusia are not pathognomonic for acute SARS-CoV-2 infections. In a subgroup, SARS-CoV-2 can cause long-lasting taste and smell impairment, mostly aversive changes, which are not detected by the validated tests. It is therefore essentially necessary to apply objective and subjective methods at the same time to improve the detection of hyposmia and hypogeusia in children. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: condition Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (condition). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. Updated daily.\",\"url\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition/Upper%20Respiratory%20Tract%20Infection\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research Hub\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Conditions\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Upper Respiratory Tract Infection\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/condition/Upper%20Respiratory%20Tract%20Infection\"}]}}"}}]],["$","$L2f",null,{"title":"Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: Research & Clinical Takeaways","description":"Discover peer-reviewed research on Upper Respiratory Tract Infection with concise clinician summaries and next-step guidance.","papers":[{"doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","pmid":"42572839","title":"Rhinovirus Species in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections and the Risk of Asthma in Children","journal_title":"Pediatric Pulmonology","journal_issn":"8755-6863","published_at":"2026-08-10T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.71782","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-19T06:28:37.419Z","updated_at":"2026-08-19T06:28:37.419Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"age_group","value":"child","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"age_group","value":"infant","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"category","value":"Respiratory System","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"condition","value":"Childhood Asthma","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"condition","value":"Rhinovirus Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"condition","value":"Upper Respiratory Tract Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"condition","value":"Wheezing Illness","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"modality","value":"Respiratory Virus Genotyping","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=224","value_numeric":224},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Nested Case-Control Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"warning","value":"RV-B had zero recorded wheezing illness episodes, so any association between RV-B wheezing and asthma risk is statistically untestable from this dataset.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size tag reflects the 224 children included in the nested case-control analysis (56 cases + 168 controls), not the full birth cohort of 923; the broader cohort was not fully analyzed for RV genotyping.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71782","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study population is exclusively Finnish children (STEPS cohort), which may limit generalizability to other ethnic or geographic populations.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This nested case-control study (56 asthma cases, 168 matched controls) from a Finnish birth cohort of 923 children examined whether acute respiratory infections (ARIs) caused by rhinovirus species A, B, or C in the first 24 months of life were associated with physician-diagnosed asthma at age 7 years, distinguishing wheezing illnesses from upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs).","key_result":"RV-A and RV-C wheezing illnesses in the first 2 years were each independently linked to higher asthma risk at age 7 (RV-A: OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.05–2.43, p=0.03; RV-C: OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.11–2.49, p=0.01). URTIs caused by RV-A, RV-B, or RV-C were not associated with asthma risk. RV-B caused no recorded wheezing illnesses.","limitations":"- Small number of wheezing episodes per species (especially RV-B: zero wheezing cases), reducing power to detect weaker associations.\n- Single-country cohort (Finnish children), limiting generalizability.\n- Potential detection bias: children with more symptoms may have been more likely to have nasal samples collected, though home sampling partially mitigated this.","practice_takeaway":"Early wheezing illness driven by RV-A or RV-C — not just any rhinovirus cold — signals meaningfully elevated asthma risk by school age; clinicians can reassure families that common colds (URTIs) from any RV species do not appear to carry the same risk. Vigilant follow-up for asthma development is warranted in toddlers who wheeze with rhinovirus illness, regardless of whether they need hospital care."}},{"doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","pmid":"42360697","title":"Early Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors Increases Risk of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A Birth Cohort Study","journal_title":"Pediatric Pulmonology","journal_issn":"8755-6863","published_at":"2026-06-26T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.71715","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-01T13:27:08.498Z","updated_at":"2026-07-01T13:27:08.498Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"age_group","value":"infant","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"category","value":"Respiratory System","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchiolitis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"condition","value":"Gastroesophageal Reflux","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"condition","value":"Otitis Media","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"condition","value":"Upper Respiratory Tract Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"condition","value":"Viral Croup","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"safety_signal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"modality","value":"Proton Pump Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=200","value_numeric":200},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Birth Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"warning","value":"Confounding by indication is a material concern: infants prescribed PPIs may have been sicker at baseline, which could partly explain higher infection rates.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"warning","value":"No specific PPI agents or doses were reported, so drug-level conclusions cannot be drawn.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71715","tag_type":"warning","value":"The exposed group is very small (n=16 early PPI, n=22 any PPI), so confidence intervals are extremely wide — especially for hospitalization. Results should be interpreted with caution.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This birth cohort study (ARIES, Santiago, Chile) followed 200 infants from birth to 24 months to assess whether early PPI exposure (first 6 months) or any PPI exposure (first 24 months) was associated with respiratory tract infections (RTIs), hospitalizations, and antibiotic use.","key_result":"Early PPI use (8% of infants) was independently linked to otitis media (aOR 9.5), viral croup (aOR 4.8), RTI-related hospitalization (aOR 19.3), and antibiotic use (aOR 9.9). No significant association was found with lower RTIs (bronchiolitis, pneumonia).","limitations":"- Small sample (n=200) with only 16 early PPI-exposed infants, producing very wide CIs (e.g., hospitalization aOR 19.3, 95% CI 1.6–225.8).\n- Single-center cohort in Chile limits generalizability.\n- Observational design cannot exclude confounding by indication (PPIs prescribed for sicker infants).","practice_takeaway":"Avoid routine PPI prescribing in infants with functional GI complaints (colic, reflux) given the lack of proven benefit and this signal of meaningfully increased upper RTI risk. Reserve PPIs for infants with clear evidence-based indications and reassess promptly."}},{"doi":"10.1097/inf.0000000000005116","pmid":"41430536","title":"“I Can Taste It, But Sometimes It’s Disgusting” Cross-sectional Study on the Influence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Both Acute and Postinfection, in Comparison to Other Respiratory Infections on Taste and Smell Perception","journal_title":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal","journal_issn":"0891-3668","published_at":"2025-12-23T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000005116","source_score":23,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2025-12-27","doi":"10.1097/inf.0000000000005116","days":"14","issn":"0891-3668","rank":"3","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"23","category":"Infectious Diseases","categories":["Infectious Diseases","Pediatrics"],"_categories":["Infectious Diseases","Pediatrics"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1097/INF.0000000000005116","title":"\"I Can Taste It, But Sometimes It's Disgusting\" Cross-sectional Study on the Influence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Both Acute and Postinfection, in Comparison to Other Respiratory Infections on Taste and Smell Perception.","journal":"The Pediatric infectious disease journal","methods":"","results":"Abnormal test results occurred in up to a fifth of children. Severe hyposmia was detected in 17% of children with upper respiratory tract infection and 21% in PI+, severe hypogeusia was mostly in AC children (18%), followed by both postinfection groups (PI+ 12%, PI- 10%). Subjective smell impairment was significantly more frequent in PI+ (32% vs. ≤7% in all other groups), similar for taste (PI+ = 29%, AC = 14% vs. ≤10% in all other groups). Children in PI+ and PI- reported significantly more negative sensory affects (\"tastes/smells disgusting,\" 14% each), without correlation with abnormal test results.","abstract":"$30","keywords":["SARS-CoV-2","airway infection","children","taste disturbance"],"pubmed_id":"41430536","conclusions":"In the omicron era, hyposmia and hypogeusia are not pathognomonic for acute SARS-CoV-2 infections. In a subgroup, SARS-CoV-2 can cause long-lasting taste and smell impairment, mostly aversive changes, which are not detected by the validated tests. It is therefore essentially necessary to apply objective and subjective methods at the same time to improve the detection of hyposmia and hypogeusia in children.","publication_date":"2025-12-23T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1097/inf.0000000000005116","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000005116","ISSN":["0891-3668","1532-0987"],"link":[{"URL":"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/INF.0000000000005116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["“I Can Taste It, But Sometimes It’s Disgusting” Cross-sectional Study on the Influence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Both Acute and Postinfection, in Comparison to Other Respiratory Infections on Taste and Smell Perception"],"author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Mallon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}]},{"given":"Folke","family":"Brinkmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"},{"name":"Section of Pediatric Pneumology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany"},{"name":"Airway Research Centre North, German Centre for Lung Research, Lübeck, Germany"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Schlegtendal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lücke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}]},{"given":"Anna Teresa","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"member":"276","prefix":"10.1097","source":"Crossref","volume":null,"created":{"date-time":"2025-12-23T15:00:13Z","timestamp":1766502013000,"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2025-12-23T16:42:13Z","timestamp":1766508133320,"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"license":[{"URL":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","start":{"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000,"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"unspecified"}],"subject":[],"abstract":"$31","language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/INF.0000000000005116"}},"subtitle":[],"deposited":{"date-time":"2025-12-23T15:00:17Z","timestamp":1766502017000,"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0891-3668"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1532-0987"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer 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subjective smell/taste impairment in children with acute SARS‑CoV‑2 infection (n=30) versus other upper respiratory tract infections (n=34), children ≥12 weeks post–SARS‑CoV‑2 with symptoms (PI+, n=28) or without (PI−, n=13), and noninfected controls (n=18).","key_result":"Severe hyposmia occurred in 17% of other URTI and 21% of PI+ children; severe hypogeusia was most frequent in acute SARS‑CoV‑2 (18%), then PI+ (12%) and PI− (10%). Subjective smell impairment was higher in PI+ (32% vs ≤7% in others) and subjective taste impairment was higher in PI+ (29%) and acute SARS‑CoV‑2 (14%) vs ≤10% in others; 14% of PI+ and 14% of PI− reported aversive taste/smell (“disgusting”) without correlation with abnormal test results.","limitations":"Cross-sectional design with unequal, small subgroups (AC n=30, other URTI n=34, PI+ n=28, PI− n=13, controls n=18) limits precision. Blinding applied only in acute infection assessments, and findings reflect the omicron era; detailed effect estimates and counts per outcome are not reported in the abstract.","practice_takeaway":"In children during the omicron era, hyposmia/hypogeusia are not specific for acute COVID‑19. For suspected post–COVID sensory changes, pair objective tests with targeted questioning about aversive perceptions, as standard tests may miss these complaints."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","pmid":"41207370","title":"Incidence of Respiratory Infections after the COVID-19 Pandemic (2023–2024) and Its Association of Vaccination Among Entire Populations in Korea","journal_title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","journal_issn":"1201-9712","published_at":"2025-11-10T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","source_score":387,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2025-11-08","doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","days":"30","issn":"1201-9712","rank":"1","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"387","category":"Infectious Diseases","categories":["Infectious Diseases"],"_categories":["Infectious Diseases"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1016/j.ijid.2025.108194","title":"Incidence of Respiratory Infections after the COVID-19 Pandemic (2023-2024) and Its Association of Vaccination Among Entire Populations in Korea.","journal":"International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases","methods":"","results":"","abstract":"Objectives We aimed to investigate nationwide trends in respiratory infections during and after the COVID-19 pandemic and to evaluate the risk according to the COVID-19 vaccine dose. Methods Using the database, which integrates the insurance claims and vaccination records for the entire Korean population (N=51,645,564), trends were assessed using SARIMAX models. We assessed associations between the doses that have been received until June 1, 2023, and the onset of respiratory infections, using Cox hazard and Fine-Gray models. Results Compared with pre-pandemic levels (2017-2019), influenza like illness (ILI) and pneumonia incidences dropped by over 90% during 2020-2021, followed by a resurgence of upper respiratory tract infection (URI) and common cold in 2023-2024. Pertussis incidence rose 46-fold above expected levels in late 2023. 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