2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2iy5wruuedsh6.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00yc7rcvua6a7.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/37ktb71aq3480.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2d50b-7eu4558.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2d6noqpp6ehas.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1sx186c93bpzg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3dc-1n866s65i.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2w1bvggzb0ga8.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T72a,Women's health advice in people living with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is inconsistent, primarily due to an enduring concern that hormonal contraception (HC), including oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) and hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs), might be associated with a higher prevalence of IIH. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines whether a meaningful association exists between HC use and IIH prevalence. Systematic searches of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were conducted from their inception to May 14, 2025. Gray literature and citation lists were also reviewed. Observational studies comparing HC use among women with IIH to controls without IIH were included. Noncomparative studies and pharmacovigilance analyses were excluded. Two independent reviewers conducted data extraction, assessed the quality of studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and appraised the certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation framework. A random-effects meta-analysis using the Mantel-Haenszel method in Review Manager 5.4 was conducted to evaluate the association between HC use and IIH prevalence, the primary outcome of interest, with leave-one-out sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses stratified by HC modality. A total of 13 studies (n The meta-analysis found no significant association between HC use and IIH prevalence, with consistent results across various HC modalities. This evidence provides confidence to reassure patients with IIH and clinicians that the directed use of HC should be continued as appropriate. The limited quality of available evidence and considerable heterogeneity highlights the necessity for large-scale, well-designed studies, particularly in diverse patient populations, to validate these findings.31:T471,Among 2 095 130 adolescent girls and women (median [IQR] age at diagnosis, 45 [41-48] years) who were followed up for 21 020 846 person-years, 16 385 breast cancer cases occurred. Ever use of any hormonal contraceptive was associated with increased breast cancer risk (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.20-1.28), corresponding to 1 additional case per 7752 (95% CI, 5350-14 070) users, with both combined (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07-1.17) and progestin-only formulations (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.17-1.25) being associated. Higher risk was associated with oral desogestrel-only formulations (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.13-1.23) and oral desogestrel-combined formulations (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.08-1.31), as well as implants containing etonogestrel, desogestrel's active metabolite (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.11-1.35), compared to levonorgestrel-containing combined pills (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03-1.15) and levonorgestrel, 52 mg, intrauterine system (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.09-1.18). No statistically significant increased risk was observed for medroxyprogesterone acetate injection, etonogestrel vaginal ring, or combined oral drospirenone, despite having many users.32:T95a,Hormonal contraceptives are widely used but how breast cancer risk differs by hormonal content remains unclear. To estimate the difference in breast cancer risk associated with different hormonal contraceptive formulations. This Swedish nationwide, population-based cohort study was conducted using linked national registers. All adolescent girls and women aged 13 to 49 years residing in Sweden as of January 1, 2006, with no history of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, bilateral oophorectomy, or infertility treatment were included and followed up from 2006 to 2019. Individuals were censored on meeting an exclusion criterion, reaching age 50 years, or study end, whichever occurred first. Data were analyzed from November 2023 to August 2025. Ever use and duration of use of hormonal contraceptives, categorized by hormone formulations and route of administration. Time-dependent Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for incident cases of in situ and invasive breast cancer. Among 2 095 130 adolescent girls and women (median [IQR] age at diagnosis, 45 [41-48] years) who were followed up for 21 020 846 person-years, 16 385 breast cancer cases occurred. Ever use of any hormonal contraceptive was associated with increased breast cancer risk (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.20-1.28), corresponding to 1 additional case per 7752 (95% CI, 5350-14 070) users, with both combined (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07-1.17) and progestin-only formulations (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.17-1.25) being associated. Higher risk was associated with oral desogestrel-only formulations (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.13-1.23) and oral desogestrel-combined formulations (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.08-1.31), as well as implants containing etonogestrel, desogestrel's active metabolite (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.11-1.35), compared to levonorgestrel-containing combined pills (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03-1.15) and levonorgestrel, 52 mg, intrauterine system (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.09-1.18). No statistically significant increased risk was observed for medroxyprogesterone acetate injection, etonogestrel vaginal ring, or combined oral drospirenone, despite having many users. Findings of this cohort study highlight that breast cancer risk varies substantially by progestin content in hormonal contraceptives, providing valuable insights to support more informed contraceptive prescription.33:Te2f, Importance Hormonal contraceptives are widely used but how breast cancer risk differs by hormonal content remains unclear. Objective To estimate the difference in breast cancer risk associated with different hormonal contraceptive formulations. Design, Setting, and Participants This Swedish nationwide, population-based cohort study was conducted using linked national registers. All adolescent girls and women aged 13 to 49 years residing in Sweden as of January 1, 2006, with no history of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, bilateral oophorectomy, or infertility treatment were included and followed up from 2006 to 2019. Individuals were censored on meeting an exclusion criterion, reaching age 50 years, or study end, whichever occurred first. Data were analyzed from November 2023 to August 2025. Exposure Ever use and duration of use of hormonal contraceptives, categorized by hormone formulations and route of administration. Main Outcomes and Measures Time-dependent Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for incident cases of in situ and invasive breast cancer. Results Among 2 095 130 adolescent girls and women (median [IQR] age at diagnosis, 45 [41-48] years) who were followed up for 21 020 846 person-years, 16 385 breast cancer cases occurred. Ever use of any hormonal contraceptive was associated with increased breast cancer risk (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.20-1.28), corresponding to 1 additional case per 7752 (95% CI, 5350-14 070) users, with both combined (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07-1.17) and progestin-only formulations (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.17-1.25) being associated. Higher risk was associated with oral desogestrel-only formulations (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.13-1.23) and oral desogestrel-combined formulations (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.08-1.31), as well as implants containing etonogestrel, desogestrel’s active metabolite (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.11-1.35), compared to levonorgestrel-containing combined pills (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03-1.15) and levonorgestrel, 52 mg, intrauterine system (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.09-1.18). No statistically significant increased risk was observed for medroxyprogesterone acetate injection, etonogestrel vaginal ring, or combined oral drospirenone, despite having many users. Conclusions and Relevance Findings of this cohort study highlight that breast cancer risk varies substantially by progestin content in hormonal contraceptives, providing valuable insights to support more informed contraceptive prescription. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"medroxyprogesterone acetate: generic Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on medroxyprogesterone acetate (generic). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. Updated daily.\",\"url\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/generic/medroxyprogesterone%20acetate\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research Hub\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Generics\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/generic\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"medroxyprogesterone acetate\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/generic/medroxyprogesterone%20acetate\"}]}}"}}]],["$","$L2f",null,{"title":"medroxyprogesterone acetate: Research & Clinical Takeaways","description":"Explore research on medroxyprogesterone acetate (generic) — efficacy, safety, and comparative data.","papers":[{"doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","pmid":"42492078","title":"Influence of Cardiometabolic Status on Cardiovascular Effects of Oral Menopausal Hormone Therapy","journal_title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","journal_issn":"0029-7844","published_at":"2026-07-24T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13403345/","source_score":7,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-04T18:18:01.895Z","updated_at":"2026-08-04T18:18:01.895Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"age_group","value":"older_adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"brand","value":"Premarin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"category","value":"Obstetrics & Gynecology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"condition","value":"Coronary Heart Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hyperlipidemia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"condition","value":"Menopause","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"condition","value":"Metabolic Syndrome","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"generic","value":"conjugated equine estrogens","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"generic","value":"medroxyprogesterone acetate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"modality","value":"Estrogen","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"modality","value":"Hormone Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"modality","value":"Progestogen","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=27347","value_numeric":27347},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Randomized Controlled Trial (Secondary Analysis)","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"warning","value":"Results apply specifically to oral CEE-based regimens and may not generalize to non-oral or non-CEE hormone therapies.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"warning","value":"The Premarin brand tag is inferred from the description of conjugated equine estrogens 0.625 mg/d, the standard WHI formulation; the paper does not explicitly name the brand.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a secondary subgroup analysis of WHI trials; findings, especially for CEE-alone, should be interpreted with caution due to reduced statistical power in subgroups.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/aog.0000000000006381","tag_type":"warning","value":"Total sample size of 27,347 combines both trial arms (CEE-alone: 10,739; CEE+MPA: 16,608); subgroup analyses involve considerably smaller numbers.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Secondary analysis of two WHI double-blind, placebo-controlled RCTs evaluating how baseline cardiometabolic status (lipid profile, blood pressure, blood glucose, metabolic syndrome) modifies CHD risk from oral CEE alone (n=10,739, post-hysterectomy) or CEE+MPA (n=16,608, intact uterus) in postmenopausal women aged 50–79 years.","key_result":"In the CEE+MPA trial, untreated LDL <130 mg/dL conferred no significant CHD increase (HR 0.59; 95% CI 0.31–1.10), but LDL ≥190 mg/dL more than doubled risk (HR 2.77; 95% CI 1.42–5.40; P-trend=.002); higher LDL/HDL ratio also raised risk (ratio <2.5: HR 0.73 vs ratio ≥4: HR 1.76; P-trend=.008). Women with prior treated hyperlipidemia showed no elevated CHD risk on either regimen. Blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides, and metabolic syndrome did not modify CHD risk.","limitations":"- Secondary/subgroup analysis with potential for multiple comparisons and residual confounding.\n- LDL/HDL findings for CEE-alone trended similarly but did not reach statistical significance.\n- Applies only to oral CEE-based regimens; results may not generalize to transdermal or other progestogen formulations.","practice_takeaway":"Before starting oral CEE or CEE+MPA, check a fasting lipid panel — women with untreated LDL ≥190 mg/dL face substantially higher CHD risk and may warrant alternative routes or lipid treatment first. Women with already-treated hyperlipidemia or favorable lipid profiles do not appear to carry excess CHD risk from these oral regimens."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","pmid":"42240523","title":"Stability of Transgender Identity in Adolescents Seen in Multidisciplinary Specialized Gender Centers: A Multicenter Study in Canada","journal_title":"Journal of Adolescent Health","journal_issn":"1054-139X","published_at":"2026-06-03T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","source_score":224,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-13T15:34:40.622Z","updated_at":"2026-06-13T15:34:40.622Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adolescent","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"category","value":"Pediatrics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"condition","value":"Gender Dysphoria","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"generic","value":"leuprolide acetate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"generic","value":"medroxyprogesterone acetate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"generic","value":"spironolactone","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"generic","value":"triptorelin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"modality","value":"Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"modality","value":"Gonadotropin Suppression Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=445","value_numeric":445},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"warning","value":"Median follow-up of 2.4 years is relatively short; long-term detransition or reidentification rates beyond this window are not captured.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"warning","value":"No control or comparison group; all participants received specialized multidisciplinary care, so findings may not apply to less structured care settings.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study period (2012–2017) predates WPATH SOC version 8; clinical protocols may differ from current practice.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.jadohealth.2026.03.016","tag_type":"warning","value":"The cohort over-represents AFAB adolescents (74.4%), which may limit generalizability to AMAB populations.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Retrospective chart review of 445 adolescents with gender dysphoria (DSM-5) referred to four Canadian pediatric endocrinology gender clinics between 2012–2017, examining stability of gender identity, continuation of gender-affirming hormones (GAH), and rates of detransition over a median follow-up of 2.4 years (IQR 1.1–7.2).","key_result":"97.1% (432/445) continued to identify as transgender or non-binary; only 2.9% (13/445) reverted to a gender identity aligned with birth sex. GAH was started by 79.3% (353/445) and discontinued by only 1.1% (4/353). GST/adjunctive therapy was stopped by 11.7% (35/299), most commonly to transition to GAH rather than due to reidentification.","limitations":"- Retrospective design with selection bias: only adolescents who accessed care at participating clinics were included, excluding those who sought care elsewhere or lacked parental support.\n- Reliance on medical records introduces information bias; gender identity data depended on adolescent/parent recall.\n- Median follow-up was only 2.4 years, limiting long-term outcome assessment.","practice_takeaway":"In a carefully assessed clinical cohort, gender identity is highly stable in adolescents referred to specialized gender clinics — fewer than 3% reidentify with birth-assigned gender, and GAH discontinuation is rare (1.1%). Clinicians should continue comprehensive psychosocial assessment and maintain ongoing support for youth and families, including open discussion about the possibility of evolving gender identity over time."}},{"doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","pmid":"41881051","title":"Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Prevalence and Hormonal Contraception","journal_title":"Neurology","journal_issn":"0028-3878","published_at":"2026-03-26T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","source_score":50,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-05-01","doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","days":"14","issn":"0028-3878","rank":"10","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"50","category":"Clinical Neurology","categories":["Clinical Neurology"],"_categories":["Clinical Neurology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1212/WNL.0000000000214832","title":"Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Prevalence and Hormonal Contraception: A Meta-Analysis.","journal":"Neurology","methods":"","results":"A total of 13 studies (n","abstract":"$30","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"41881051","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2026-03-26T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","ISSN":["0028-3878","1526-632X"],"link":[{"URL":"https://www.neurology.org/doi/pdfdirect/10.1212/WNL.0000000000214832","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":"8","score":1,"title":["Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Prevalence and Hormonal Contraception"],"author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Mihalache","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;"}]},{"given":"Ryan S.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;"}]},{"given":"Felix J.","family":"Tyndel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;"}]},{"given":"Edsel","family":"Ing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada;"}]},{"given":"Susan P.","family":"Mollan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada;"},{"name":"Metabolism and Systems Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom; and"}]},{"given":"Arun N.E.","family":"Sundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;"},{"name":"Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"member":"276","prefix":"10.1212","source":"Crossref","volume":"106","created":{"date-time":"2026-03-25T20:00:13Z","timestamp":1774468813000,"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2026-03-25T21:20:16Z","timestamp":1774473616167,"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"subject":[],"abstract":null,"language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000214832"}},"subtitle":["A Meta-Analysis"],"assertion":[{"name":"received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"},"label":"Received","order":0,"value":"2025-06-16"},{"name":"accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"},"label":"Accepted","order":2,"value":"2026-01-13"},{"name":"published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"},"label":"Published","order":3,"value":"2026-03-25"}],"deposited":{"date-time":"2026-03-25T20:00:14Z","timestamp":1774468814000,"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0028-3878"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1526-632X"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","reference":[{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jocn.2021.11.029","key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1812","key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41433-018-0238-5","key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1172/jci.insight.125348","key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.5348/100049z09ic2019cr","key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1159/000080269","key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/sj.eye.6702245","key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.7759/cureus.2648","key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1080/13625180600766396","key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","year":"1985","issue":"784","author":"Soysa ND","volume":"98","first-page":"656","unstructured":"Soysa ND. The oral contraceptive pill and benign intracranial hypertension. N Z Med J. 1985;98(784):656.","article-title":"The oral contraceptive pill and benign intracranial hypertension","journal-title":"N Z Med J","doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":null,"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","year":"1978","issue":"1","author":"Jandolo B","volume":"24","first-page":"106","unstructured":"Jandolo B, Casaglia P, Morace E. Cerebral pseudotumor and oral contraceptives (cerebral case) [in Italian]. Riv Neurobiol. 1978;24(1-2):106-108.","article-title":"Cerebral pseudotumor and oral contraceptives (cerebral case) [in Italian]","journal-title":"Riv Neurobiol","doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1056/nejm199506223322519","key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.5152/npa.2017.12558","key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41433-019-0450-y","key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/bmjno-2021-000145","key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.nrl.2013.08.009","key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ajo.2018.09.014","key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ajo.2019.02.019","key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/practneurol-2021-003152","key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/jnnp-2017-317440","key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"e_1_3_6_22_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"10.4.3.1 Recommendations on testing for funnel plot asymmetry. Accessed February 20 2025. handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/chapter_10/10_4_3_1_recommendations_on_testing_for_funnel_plot_asymmetry.htm","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1097/XEB.0000000000000141","key":"e_1_3_6_23_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/0022-510X(93)90084-C","key":"e_1_3_6_24_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1111/ene.14480","key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1212/wnl.41.2_part_1.239","key":"e_1_3_6_26_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1177/03331024211024166","key":"e_1_3_6_27_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/archneur.1990.00530030091021","key":"e_1_3_6_28_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1080/01658107.2017.1304425","key":"e_1_3_6_29_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.contraception.2023.110089","key":"e_1_3_6_30_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20180854","key":"e_1_3_6_31_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1186/s41983-024-00894-w","key":"e_1_3_6_32_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.20138","key":"e_1_3_6_33_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jns.2019.02.006","key":"e_1_3_6_34_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1212/WNL.0000000000004247","key":"e_1_3_6_35_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1186/s10194-025-02042-y","key":"e_1_3_6_36_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1212/WNL.0000000000208036","key":"e_1_3_6_37_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/archopht.1965.00970040630009","key":"e_1_3_6_38_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"e_1_3_6_39_2","year":"2012","issue":"12","author":"Liao PV","volume":"58","first-page":"757","unstructured":"Liao PV, Dollin J. Half a century of the oral contraceptive pill. Can Fam Physician. 2012;58(12):757-760.","article-title":"Half a century of the oral contraceptive pill","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician","doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1177/2042098615588084","key":"e_1_3_6_40_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/0029-7844(94)00457-O","key":"e_1_3_6_41_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1097/IOP.0000000000002344","key":"e_1_3_6_42_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1212/wnl.94.15_supplement.5111","key":"e_1_3_6_43_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2021.101208","key":"e_1_3_6_44_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1097/WNO.0000000000000684","key":"e_1_3_6_45_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1503/cmaj.060410","key":"e_1_3_6_46_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.3389/fneur.2015.00007","key":"e_1_3_6_47_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1034/j.1600-0412.2002.810603.x","key":"e_1_3_6_48_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.thromres.2008.04.022","key":"e_1_3_6_49_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jcjo.2018.04.021","key":"e_1_3_6_50_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/bmjno-2023-000527","key":"e_1_3_6_51_2","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"publisher"}],"short-title":[],"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]}},"update-policy":"https://doi.org/10.1212/crossmarkpolicy","alternative-id":["10.1212/WNL.0000000000214832"],"article-number":"e214832","content-domain":{"domain":["www.neurology.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"original-title":[],"container-title":["Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference-count":50,"published-online":null,"references-count":50,"short-container-title":["Neurology"],"is-referenced-by-count":0},"unpaywall":{"doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","is_oa":false,"title":"Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Prevalence and Hormonal Contraception","updated":"2026-03-26T16:32:38+00:00","published_date":"2026-03-25","best_oa_location":null}},"created_at":"2026-05-07T22:51:21.482Z","updated_at":"2026-05-14T15:13:26.918Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"category","value":"Clinical Neurology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"condition","value":"Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"generic","value":"medroxyprogesterone acetate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"modality","value":"Hormonal Contraception","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"modality","value":"Hormonal Intrauterine Device","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"modality","value":"Oral Contraceptive Pill","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=674,611","value_numeric":674611},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size reported (n=674,611) is the combined IIH cases and controls; these groups are highly asymmetric (5,351 IIH vs. 669,260 controls).","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"warning","value":"The certainty of evidence was rated very low to low (GRADE), so 'no significant association' should not be interpreted as definitive safety confirmation.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"warning","value":"The impact_flag 'practice_changing' is applied because the findings directly address a widespread clinical misconception that has led to withholding hormonal contraception from IIH patients — but should be interpreted cautiously given the low evidence certainty.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1212/wnl.0000000000214832","tag_type":"warning","value":"The overall meta-analysis had substantial heterogeneity (I²=82%), and the IUD subgroup had very high heterogeneity (I²=92%), which weakens the reliability of pooled estimates despite non-significant p-values.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated whether hormonal contraception (HC) — including oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), hormonal IUDs, and medroxyprogesterone acetate injections — is associated with higher IIH prevalence, pooling 13 observational studies (n=5,351 IIH cases vs. n=669,260 controls; 100% female; mean age 33.3 years).","key_result":"HC use was not significantly associated with IIH prevalence overall (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.69–1.24, p=0.60); subgroup analyses also showed no significant associations for OCPs (OR 0.91), hormonal IUDs (OR 1.45), or medroxyprogesterone acetate injections (OR 1.21), with results largely robust in sensitivity analyses.","limitations":"- Certainty of evidence was rated very low to low across studies, with quality ranging from poor to good.\n- High heterogeneity was present in the overall analysis (I²=82%) and the IUD subgroup (I²=92%), limiting confidence in pooled estimates.\n- All included studies were observational, and none were conducted in diverse patient populations, restricting generalizability.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians can reassure women with IIH that current evidence does not support an association between hormonal contraception use and IIH prevalence — HC should not be withheld on this basis alone. However, the low certainty of evidence means larger, well-designed studies are still needed to confirm this finding."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","pmid":"41165687","title":"Hormonal Contraceptive Formulations and Breast Cancer Risk in Adolescents and Premenopausal Women","journal_title":"JAMA Oncology","journal_issn":"2374-2437","published_at":"2025-10-30T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","source_score":661,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2025-12-19","doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","days":"30","issn":"2374-2437","rank":"2","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"661","category":"Oncology","categories":["Oncology"],"_categories":["Oncology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","title":"Hormonal Contraceptive Formulations and Breast Cancer Risk in Adolescents and Premenopausal Women.","journal":"JAMA oncology","methods":"","results":"$31","abstract":"$32","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"41165687","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2025-10-30T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","ISSN":["2374-2437"],"link":[{"URL":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/articlepdf/2840506/jamaoncology_hadizadeh_2025_oi_250066_1765564170.65132.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":"1497","type":"journal-article","issue":"12","score":1,"title":["Hormonal Contraceptive Formulations and Breast Cancer Risk in Adolescents and Premenopausal Women"],"author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Hadizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Ardita","family":"Koteci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Torgny","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Weronica E.","family":"Ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Åsa","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"member":"10","prefix":"10.1001","source":"Crossref","volume":"11","created":{"date-time":"2025-10-30T15:31:38Z","timestamp":1761838298000,"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2025-12-19T15:55:57Z","timestamp":1766159757013,"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"subject":[],"abstract":"$33","language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2840506"}},"subtitle":[],"deposited":{"date-time":"2025-12-18T16:00:53Z","timestamp":1766073653000,"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2374-2437"}],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","reference":[{"DOI":"10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00156-7","key":"coi250066r1","year":"2024","issue":"8","author":"Sung","volume":"9","first-page":"e583","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Differences in cancer rates among adults born between 1920 and 1990 in the USA: an analysis of population-based cancer registry data.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.53331","key":"coi250066r2","year":"2024","issue":"1","author":"Xu","volume":"7","first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":"Breast cancer incidence among US women aged 20 to 49 years by race, stage, and hormone receptor status.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41416-022-01704-x","key":"coi250066r3","year":"2022","issue":"10","author":"di Martino","volume":"126","first-page":"1374","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Incidence trends for twelve cancers in younger adults-a rapid review.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30215-1","key":"coi250066r4","year":"2020","issue":"8","author":"Heer","volume":"8","first-page":"e1027","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Global burden and trends in premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer: a population-based study.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"coi250066r5","year":"2025","issue":"1","author":"Siegel","volume":"75","first-page":"10","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2025.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin","doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.breast.2022.08.010","key":"coi250066r6","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"Arnold","volume":"66","first-page":"15","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Current and future burden of breast cancer: global statistics for 2020 and 2040.","journal-title":"Breast","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.2147/BCTT.S390664","key":"coi250066r7","year":"2023","issue":null,"author":"Satish","volume":"15","first-page":"227","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Re-evaluating the association between hormonal contraception and breast cancer risk.","journal-title":"Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1038/s41586-023-06057-w","key":"coi250066r9","year":"2023","issue":"7967","author":"Lee","volume":"618","first-page":"1024","unstructured":null,"article-title":"ERa-associated translocations underlie oncogene amplifications in breast cancer.","journal-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1530/JME-20-0104","key":"coi250066r10","year":"2020","issue":"1","author":"Horwitz","volume":"65","first-page":"T49","unstructured":null,"article-title":"90 years of progesterone: progesterone and progesterone receptors in breast cancer: past, present, future.","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1590/1414-431x20175612","key":"coi250066r11","year":"2018","issue":"3","author":"Tian","volume":"51","first-page":"1","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Estrogen and progesterone promote breast cancer cell proliferation by inducing cyclin G1 expression.","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.15252/emmm.202114314","key":"coi250066r12","year":"2021","issue":"7","author":"Shamseddin","volume":"13","first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":"Contraceptive progestins with androgenic properties stimulate breast epithelial cell proliferation.","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.057","key":"coi250066r13","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"Gupta","volume":"345","first-page":"798","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Non-oral routes, novel formulations and devices of contraceptives: an update.","journal-title":"J Control Release","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90806-5","key":"coi250066r14","year":"1996","issue":"9017","author":"Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer","volume":"347","first-page":"1713","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53?297 women with breast cancer and 100?239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies.","journal-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0747","key":"coi250066r15","year":"2010","issue":"10","author":"Hunter","volume":"19","first-page":"2496","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Oral contraceptive use and breast cancer: a prospective study of young women.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ajog.2021.12.022","key":"coi250066r16","year":"2022","issue":"6","author":"Burchardt","volume":"226","first-page":"821.e1","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Oral contraceptive use by formulation and breast cancer risk by subtype in the Nurses’ Health Study II: a prospective cohort study.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJMoa013202","key":"coi250066r17","year":"2002","issue":"26","author":"Marchbanks","volume":"346","first-page":"2025","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Oral contraceptives and the risk of breast cancer.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1056/NEJMoa1700732","key":"coi250066r18","year":"2017","issue":"23","author":"Mørch","volume":"377","first-page":"2228","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1004188","key":"coi250066r19","year":"2023","issue":"3","author":"Fitzpatrick","volume":"20","first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":"Combined and progestagen-only hormonal contraceptives and breast cancer risk: a UK nested case-control study and meta-analysis.","journal-title":"PLoS Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100470","key":"coi250066r20","year":"2022","issue":null,"author":"Niemeyer Hultstrand","volume":"21","first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":"Hormonal contraception and risk of breast cancer and breast cancer in situ among Swedish women 15-34 years of age: a nationwide register-based study.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.ajog.2024.05.011","key":"coi250066r21","year":"2024","issue":"4","author":"Yi","volume":"231","first-page":"450.e1","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Association of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device with gynecologic and breast cancers: a national cohort study in Sweden.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/jnci/djae282","key":"coi250066r22","year":"2025","issue":"5","author":"Tuesley","volume":"117","first-page":"1046","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Long-acting, progestin-based contraceptives and risk of breast, gynecological, and other cancers.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jama.2024.18575","key":"coi250066r23","year":"2024","issue":"18","author":"Mørch","volume":"332","first-page":"1578","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Breast cancer in users of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems.","journal-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1097/AOG.0000000000005881","key":"coi250066r24","year":"2025","issue":"5","author":"Yuk","volume":"145","first-page":"523","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Association between levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system exposure duration and breast cancer incidence.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.09.020","key":"coi250066r25","year":"2003","issue":null,"author":"Druckmann","volume":"46","first-page":"S59","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Progestins and their effects on the breast.","journal-title":"Maturitas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1210/endrev/bnz001","key":"coi250066r26","year":"2020","issue":"2","author":"Trabert","volume":"41","first-page":"320","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Progesterone and breast cancer.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1186/s13643-016-0294-5","key":"coi250066r27","year":"2016","issue":"1","author":"Asi","volume":"5","first-page":"121","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Progesterone vs. synthetic progestins and the risk of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","journal-title":"Syst Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1093/rheumatology/kead513","key":"coi250066r29","year":"2024","issue":"8","author":"Hadizadeh","volume":"63","first-page":"2101","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Effects of oral contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy on the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective cohort study.","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1111/tri.13081","key":"coi250066r30","year":"2018","issue":"2","author":"Gleiss","volume":"31","first-page":"125","unstructured":null,"article-title":"An unjustified benefit: immortal time bias in the analysis of time-dependent events.","journal-title":"Transpl Int","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1001/jama.2020.9151","key":"coi250066r31","year":"2021","issue":"7","author":"Yadav","volume":"325","first-page":"686","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Immortal time bias in observational studies.","journal-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.07.017","key":"coi250066r32","year":"2016","issue":null,"author":"Jones","volume":"36","first-page":"195","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Immortal time bias in observational studies of time-to-event outcomes.","journal-title":"J Crit Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/0010-7824(82)90078-6","key":"coi250066r33","year":"1982","issue":"3","author":"Kuhl","volume":"26","first-page":"303","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Serum levels and pharmacokinetics of norethisterone after ingestion of lynestrenol: its relation to dose and stage of the menstrual cycle.","journal-title":"Contraception","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1677/joe.0.0470251","key":"coi250066r34","year":"1970","issue":"2","author":"Mazaheri","volume":"47","first-page":"251","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Metabolism of lynestrenol to norethisterone by liver homogenate.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.03.012","key":"coi250066r35","year":"2010","issue":"1","author":"Austin","volume":"63","first-page":"46","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Absolute risk reductions and numbers needed to treat can be obtained from adjusted survival models for time-to-event outcomes.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.21037/atm.2018.01.36","key":"coi250066r36","year":"2018","issue":"7","author":"Zhang","volume":"6","first-page":"120","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Estimate risk difference and number needed to treat in survival analysis.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"coi250066r37","year":"2008","issue":"6","author":"Maddox","volume":"33","first-page":"337","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Etonogestrel (Implanon), another treatment option for contraception.","journal-title":"Pharm Ther","doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":"10.1517/17425255.2013.844229","key":"coi250066r38","year":"2014","issue":"1","author":"Grandi","volume":"10","first-page":"1","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Pharmacokinetic evaluation of desogestrel as a female contraceptive.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.contraception.2011.12.015","key":"coi250066r39","year":"2012","issue":"3","author":"Hovanessian-Larsen","volume":"86","first-page":"238","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Lowering oral contraceptive norethindrone dose increases estrogen and progesterone receptor levels with no reduction in proliferation of breast epithelium: a randomized trial.","journal-title":"Contraception","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106440","key":"coi250066r40","year":"2024","issue":null,"author":"Louw-du Toit","volume":"237","first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":"Progestins and breast cancer hallmarks: the role of the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells.","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1210/er.2003-0016","key":"coi250066r41","year":"2004","issue":"3","author":"Somboonporn","volume":"25","first-page":"374","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Testosterone effects on the breast: implications for testosterone therapy for women.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1530/JME-14-0030","key":"coi250066r42","year":"2014","issue":"3","author":"Fioretti","volume":"52","first-page":"R257","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Revising the role of the androgen receptor in breast cancer.","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/S0303-7207(99)00109-4","key":"coi250066r43","year":"1999","issue":"1-2","author":"Bentel","volume":"154","first-page":"11","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Androgen receptor agonist activity of the synthetic progestin, medroxyprogesterone acetate, in human breast cancer cells.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/S0039-128X(00)00119-7","key":"coi250066r44","year":"2000","issue":"10-11","author":"Kumar","volume":"65","first-page":"629","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Nestorone: a progestin with a unique pharmacological profile.","journal-title":"Steroids","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.contraception.2018.04.006","key":"coi250066r45","year":"2018","issue":"18","author":"Law","volume":"S0010-7824","first-page":"30142","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Twelve-month discontinuation rates of levonorgestrel intrauterine system 13.5 mg and subdermal etonogestrel implant in women aged 18-44: A retrospective claims database analysis.","journal-title":"Contraception","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1186/s12905-022-01657-6","key":"coi250066r46","year":"2022","issue":"1","author":"Costescu","volume":"22","first-page":"82","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Discontinuation rates of intrauterine contraception due to unfavourable bleeding: a systematic review.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1097/AOG.0b013e31821188ad","key":"coi250066r47","year":"2011","issue":"5","author":"Peipert","volume":"117","first-page":"1105","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Continuation and satisfaction of reversible contraception.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00560-6","key":"coi250066r48","year":"2025","issue":"4","author":"Cresswell","volume":"13","first-page":"e626","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Global and regional causes of maternal deaths 2009-20: a WHO systematic analysis.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1136/bmj.k3609","key":"coi250066r49","year":"2018","issue":null,"author":"Iversen","volume":"362","first-page":"k3609","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Association between contemporary hormonal contraception and ovarian cancer in women of reproductive age in Denmark: prospective, nationwide cohort study.","journal-title":"BMJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":"10.1016/j.contraception.2020.06.008","key":"coi250066r50","year":"2020","issue":"3","author":"Iversen","volume":"102","first-page":"152","unstructured":null,"article-title":"Contemporary hormonal contraception and risk of endometrial cancer in women younger than age 50: a retrospective cohort study of Danish women.","journal-title":"Contraception","doi-asserted-by":"publisher"},{"DOI":null,"key":"coi250066r28","year":"2007","issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":null,"article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null},{"DOI":null,"key":"coi250066r8","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"World Family Planning 2022: meeting the changing needs for family planning: contraceptive use by age and method. United Nations. December 23, 2022. Accessed January 31, 2025. https://desapublications.un.org/publications/world-family-planning-2022-meeting-changing-needs-family-planning-contraceptive-use","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":null}],"short-title":[],"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"original-title":[],"container-title":["JAMA Oncology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference-count":50,"published-online":null,"references-count":50,"short-container-title":["JAMA Oncol"],"is-referenced-by-count":3},"unpaywall":{"doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","is_oa":true,"title":"Hormonal Contraceptive Formulations and Breast Cancer Risk in Adolescents and Premenopausal Women","updated":"2025-12-10T03:52:38+00:00","published_date":"2025-10-30","best_oa_location":{"url":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/articlepdf/2840506/jamaoncology_hadizadeh_2025_oi_250066_1761596388.19423.pdf","pmh_id":null,"url_for_pdf":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/articlepdf/2840506/jamaoncology_hadizadeh_2025_oi_250066_1761596388.19423.pdf","url_for_landing_page":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480"}}},"created_at":"2026-01-09T17:12:27.221Z","updated_at":"2026-01-18T22:40:12.285Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adolescent","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"category","value":"Oncology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"condition","value":"Breast Cancer","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"generic","value":"desogestrel","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"generic","value":"drospirenone","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"generic","value":"etonogestrel","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"generic","value":"levonorgestrel","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"generic","value":"medroxyprogesterone acetate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"modality","value":"Hormonal Contraceptive","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=2,095,130","value_numeric":2095130},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Cohort","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"warning","value":"Duration-specific effects and dose information beyond the listed formulations are not provided in the excerpt.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"warning","value":"Formulation-specific estimates are summarized without full methodological context, limiting causal interpretation.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.4480","tag_type":"warning","value":"The excerpt does not detail adjustment variables or confounders used in the Cox models.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A Swedish nationwide, population-based cohort of 2,095,130 adolescent girls and women aged 13–49 was followed from 2006 to 2019 to compare breast cancer incidence by hormonal contraceptive formulation and route using time-dependent Cox regression.","key_result":"Over 21,020,846 person-years, 16,385 breast cancers occurred. Ever use of any hormonal contraceptive was linked to higher risk (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.20–1.28), ≈1 additional case per 7,752 users (95% CI 5,350–14,070); combined methods HR 1.12 (1.07–1.17) and progestin-only HR 1.21 (1.17–1.25); higher HRs with desogestrel-only oral (1.18, 1.13–1.23), desogestrel-combined oral (1.19, 1.08–1.31), and etonogestrel implant (1.22, 1.11–1.35); lower HRs with levonorgestrel-containing combined pills (1.09, 1.03–1.15) and levonorgestrel 52 mg intrauterine system (1.13, 1.09–1.18); no significant increase for medroxyprogesterone acetate injection, etonogestrel vaginal ring, or combined oral drospirenone.","practice_takeaway":"Breast cancer risk with hormonal contraception is small in absolute terms but varies by progestin; desogestrel/etonogestrel methods showed higher HRs than levonorgestrel pills or the levonorgestrel 52 mg IUS, while DMPA injection, the etonogestrel ring, and combined drospirenone showed no signal. Use the absolute risk (~1 extra case per 7,752 users) to guide counseling for adolescents and premenopausal women when choosing among formulations."}}],"initialOffset":4,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"generic","value":"medroxyprogesterone acetate"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Generics","href":"/hub/tag/generic"},{"name":"medroxyprogesterone acetate"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"generic","hub_tag_value":"medroxyprogesterone acetate"}}}]]

Papers