2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T4e2,Combination vaccine and checkpoint inhibitor therapy has previously demonstrated immunologic responses in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), although with limited efficacy. An urgent need to augment responses has warranted a deeper understanding of how each treatment modality contributes to the overall inflammatory response. Serial blood samples from PDAC patients treated with GVAX, CRS-207, anti-CTLA-4, and/or anti-PD-1 therapies were profiled using two mass cytometry panels. Generating 260 cytometric profiles from 64 unique patients allowed us to create an annotated PDAC immunotherapy atlas. Analysis of this atlas revealed that while GVAX alone did not significantly alter T-cell relative frequencies, it induced T-cell activation and upregulated checkpoint expression. Adding anti-PD-1 blockade to GVAX further enhanced T-cell activation, whereas adding anti-CTLA-4 distinctly enhanced memory formation. Vaccine-mediated effects were similar, but GVAX promoted plasmacytoid dendritic cells more than CRS-207. Derived phenotypic patterns could also be projected onto tumor imaging data, underscoring the potential for discoveries relating treatment-induced peripheral signatures to changes in the tumor microenvironment.31:T527,Abstract Combination vaccine and checkpoint inhibitor therapy has previously demonstrated immunologic responses in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), although with limited efficacy. An urgent need to augment responses has warranted a deeper understanding of how each treatment modality contributes to the overall inflammatory response. Serial blood samples from PDAC patients treated with GVAX, CRS-207, anti-CTLA-4, and/or anti-PD-1 therapies were profiled using two mass cytometry panels. Generating 260 cytometric profiles from 64 unique patients allowed us to create an annotated PDAC immunotherapy atlas. Analysis of this atlas revealed that while GVAX alone did not significantly alter T-cell relative frequencies, it induced T-cell activation and upregulated checkpoint expression. Adding anti-PD-1 blockade to GVAX further enhanced T-cell activation, whereas adding anti-CTLA-4 distinctly enhanced memory formation. Vaccine-mediated effects were similar, but GVAX promoted plasmacytoid dendritic cells more than CRS-207. Derived phenotypic patterns could also be projected onto tumor imaging data, underscoring the potential for discoveries relating treatment-induced peripheral signatures to changes in the tumor microenvironment.32:T4b0,Despite the promise of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), mediators of response are poorly understood. To address this, here we analyzed oropharyngeal HNSCCs treated with neoadjuvant durvalumab (anti-PDL1) alone or in combination with tremelimumab (anti-CTLA4) from the CIAO clinical trial ( NCT03144778 ). We found that only the total abundance of intratumoral bacteria predicted ICB response, which was validated in multiple independent cohorts. High intratumoral bacteria abundance was associated with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, characterized by an accumulation of neutrophils coupled with depletion of T cells and other adaptive immune cells. Experimental elevation or reduction in intratumoral bacteria abundance in orthotopic models of HNSCC in female mice recapitulated immunological associations observed in participant tumors. Increasing intratumoral bacteria abundance was sufficient to induce resistance to anti-PDL1 ICB, irrespective of bacterial species tested. Together, these findings demonstrate that high intratumoral bacteria abundance is a key suppressor of antitumor immunity and promotes immunotherapy resistance.33:T5e0,Abstract Despite the promise of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), mediators of response are poorly understood. To address this, here we analyzed oropharyngeal HNSCCs treated with neoadjuvant durvalumab (anti-PDL1) alone or in combination with tremelimumab (anti-CTLA4) from the CIAO clinical trial ( NCT03144778 ). We found that only the total abundance of intratumoral bacteria predicted ICB response, which was validated in multiple independent cohorts. High intratumoral bacteria abundance was associated with an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, characterized by an accumulation of neutrophils coupled with depletion of T cells and other adaptive immune cells. Experimental elevation or reduction in intratumoral bacteria abundance in orthotopic models of HNSCC in female mice recapitulated immunological associations observed in participant tumors. Increasing intratumoral bacteria abundance was sufficient to induce resistance to anti-PDL1 ICB, irrespective of bacterial species tested. Together, these findings demonstrate that high intratumoral bacteria abundance is a key suppressor of antitumor immunity and promotes immunotherapy resistance. 34:T5d0,T.A.C. is a cofounder of Gritstone Oncology and holds equity. T.A.C. holds equity in An2H. T.A.C. acknowledges grant funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Illumina, Pfizer, An2H and Eisai. T.A.C. has served as an advisor for Bristol-Myers, MedImmune, Squibb, Illumina, Eisai, AstraZeneca and An2H. T.A.C. is an inventor on intellectual property held by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center on using TMB to predict immunotherapy response, with a pending patent, which has been licensed to PGDx. E.J.S. consults for Siren Biotechnology and has immunotherapy patent applications under option to license agreements with iOncologi. N.G. reports grants or contracts and personal or consulting fees from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, personal or consulting fees from DragonFly Therapeutics, Intuitive Surgical, Merck, Replimune and Sanofi/Genzyme US Companies and support for other professional activities from PDS Biotechnology Corporation outside the submitted work. R.F. reports consulting or advisory roles for Regeneron, Sanofi, Ayala Pharmaceuticals, Prelude Therapeutics, Elevar Therapeutics, G1 Therapeutics, Guidepoint, Expert Connect, Remix, Eisai and Bioatlas in the past 24 months and research funds from Prelude, Ayala, Merck, Genentech, Pfizer, Rakuten, Nanobiotix, EMD Serono, ISA, Viracta and Gilead in the past 24 months. D.J.M. holds intellectual property for transcriptional signatures to predict response to ICB. The other authors declare no competing interests.35:Ta16,Patients with platinum-resistant/refractory ovarian cancer (PROC) experience suboptimal outcomes, highlighting an immediate need for novel therapies. This phase 1b study investigated the safety and efficacy of botensilimab (BOT), a fragment crystallizable (Fc)-enhanced anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) antibody with differentiated mechanisms of action from first-generation CTLA-4 inhibitors, plus balstilimab (BAL; anti-programmed cell death protein 1 antibody), in an expanded cohort of patients with treatment-refractory ovarian cancer. BOT was administered intravenously at 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg every 6 weeks in combination with BAL intravenously at 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks (up to 2 years). The primary objectives were to assess safety and tolerability. Efficacy end points included objective response rate (ORR), duration of response (DOR), and progression-free survival (PFS) by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) V.1.1. Overall survival (OS) was an exploratory end point. Overall, 44 patients were evaluable for safety (with a median of 3 prior lines of therapy; median follow-up 9.6 months (range, 0.6-36.6)), and 35 for efficacy. The most common treatment-related adverse event was diarrhea/colitis (43%; 16% grade 3) with no treatment-related deaths. RECIST-confirmed ORR was 23% (8/35; 95% CI 10% to 40%; one complete (CR), seven partial responses (PRs)) and clinical benefit rate (CR, PR, or stable disease ≥24 weeks) was 31% (11/35; 95% CI 17% to 49%). Median DOR was 9.7 months (95% CI 2.8 to not reached (NR)), median PFS was 2.8 months (95% CI 1.4 to 5.5), median OS was 14.8 months (95% CI 12.1 to NR), and 12-month OS was 75% (95% CI 55% to 86%). Immune phenotypic analyses and biomarker data revealed significantly higher FcγRIIIA+CD11c+ cells and higher programmed death-ligand 1 expression in responding patients, a strong association between T-cell infiltrated tumors and clinical benefit, and differences in immune architecture across histologic subtypes. The BOT/BAL combination demonstrated deep, durable responses and complete remissions in patients with treatment-refractory ovarian cancer where no standard treatments are currently available. RECIST under-represented clinical benefit with 11 patients achieving prolonged/clinically meaningful stable disease (or better) for ≥24 weeks. Toxicities were manageable and reversible. The encouraging clinical activity of BOT/BAL in heavily pretreated patients, as well as biomarker associations, warrants further investigation of this combination.36:Tc64, Background Patients with platinum-resistant/refractory ovarian cancer (PROC) experience suboptimal outcomes, highlighting an immediate need for novel therapies. This phase 1b study investigated the safety and efficacy of botensilimab (BOT), a fragment crystallizable (Fc)-enhanced anti–cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) antibody with differentiated mechanisms of action from first-generation CTLA-4 inhibitors, plus balstilimab (BAL; anti–programmed cell death protein 1 antibody), in an expanded cohort of patients with treatment-refractory ovarian cancer. Methods BOT was administered intravenously at 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg every 6 weeks in combination with BAL intravenously at 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks (up to 2 years). The primary objectives were to assess safety and tolerability. Efficacy end points included objective response rate (ORR), duration of response (DOR), and progression-free survival (PFS) by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) V.1.1. Overall survival (OS) was an exploratory end point. Results Overall, 44 patients were evaluable for safety (with a median of 3 prior lines of therapy; median follow-up 9.6 months (range, 0.6—36.6)), and 35 for efficacy. The most common treatment-related adverse event was diarrhea/colitis (43%; 16% grade 3) with no treatment-related deaths. RECIST-confirmed ORR was 23% (8/35; 95% CI 10% to 40%; one complete (CR), seven partial responses (PRs)) and clinical benefit rate (CR, PR, or stable disease ≥24 weeks) was 31% (11/35; 95% CI 17% to 49%). Median DOR was 9.7 months (95% CI 2.8 to not reached (NR)), median PFS was 2.8 months (95% CI 1.4 to 5.5), median OS was 14.8 months (95% CI 12.1 to NR), and 12-month OS was 75% (95% CI 55% to 86%). Immune phenotypic analyses and biomarker data revealed significantly higher FcγRIIIA+CD11c+ cells and higher programmed death-ligand 1 expression in responding patients, a strong association between T-cell infiltrated tumors and clinical benefit, and differences in immune architecture across histologic subtypes. Conclusion The BOT/BAL combination demonstrated deep, durable responses and complete remissions in patients with treatment-refractory ovarian cancer where no standard treatments are currently available. RECIST under-represented clinical benefit with 11 patients achieving prolonged/clinically meaningful stable disease (or better) for ≥24 weeks. Toxicities were manageable and reversible. The encouraging clinical activity of BOT/BAL in heavily pretreated patients, as well as biomarker associations, warrants further investigation of this combination. 37:Ta70,Therapies for individual keratinocyte carcinomas (KCs) do not prevent the onset of new KCs in a field of sun damage, and therefore the KC burden remains unchanged. To investigate the association of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with changes in field cancerization evaluated by the number of actinic keratoses (AKs) and KCs at baseline compared with 12 months after starting ICI therapy. This prospective cohort study was performed at the outpatient oncology clinic of a single tertiary public hospital in Brisbane, Australia, from April 1, 2022, to November 30, 2023. Consecutive immunocompetent adults starting therapy with an inhibitor for programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL-1) for any active cancer, with a planned treatment duration of at least 6 months, and who exhibited clinical AKs on their forearms were eligible. Those with immunosuppression, concurrent chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or recent topical fluorouracil use were excluded. Intravenous ICI therapy, either PD-1 or PDL-1 inhibitors with or without a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 inhibitor, with therapy duration determined by the treating oncologist. Clinical AKs were counted and photographed before and 3, 6, and 12 months after starting ICI therapy. KC numbers were evaluated based on histopathology reports of all skin lesions excised 12 months before and after starting ICI therapy. Participants' medical history, primary cancer tumor response using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, and adverse events were recorded. A total of 23 participants were recruited, of whom 17 (73.9%) were male, with a mean (SD) age of 69.7 (9.6) years. No participants withdrew; however, 4 died during the study due to disease progression. The mean (SD) AK number significantly decreased from 47.2 (33.8) at baseline to 14.3 (12.0) at 12 months (P < .001). Younger patients (8 of 12 [66.7%] vs 4 of 12 [33.3%]; P = .007) and those with a history of blistering sunburn (12 of 12 [100%] vs 0; P = .005) were more likely to reduce their AK numbers by 65% or greater. KC total numbers decreased from 42 in the 12 months before starting ICI therapy to 17 in the 12 months after. The number of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas decreased from 16 to 5 in the same period. This pilot cohort study found that ICIs used for any cancer were associated with a significant reduction of AKs, suggesting potential as an immunopreventive strategy for high-risk individuals. Given the known effects of other chemopreventive agents on KCs, further investigation into ICIs managing field cancerization is required, especially considering toxicity and cost.38:Td87,ImportanceTherapies for individual keratinocyte carcinomas (KCs) do not prevent the onset of new KCs in a field of sun damage, and therefore the KC burden remains unchanged.ObjectiveTo investigate the association of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with changes in field cancerization evaluated by the number of actinic keratoses (AKs) and KCs at baseline compared with 12 months after starting ICI therapy.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective cohort study was performed at the outpatient oncology clinic of a single tertiary public hospital in Brisbane, Australia, from April 1, 2022, to November 30, 2023. Consecutive immunocompetent adults starting therapy with an inhibitor for programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL-1) for any active cancer, with a planned treatment duration of at least 6 months, and who exhibited clinical AKs on their forearms were eligible. Those with immunosuppression, concurrent chemotherapy or radiotherapy, or recent topical fluorouracil use were excluded.ExposuresIntravenous ICI therapy, either PD-1 or PDL-1 inhibitors with or without a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 inhibitor, with therapy duration determined by the treating oncologist.Main Outcomes and MeasuresClinical AKs were counted and photographed before and 3, 6, and 12 months after starting ICI therapy. KC numbers were evaluated based on histopathology reports of all skin lesions excised 12 months before and after starting ICI therapy. Participants’ medical history, primary cancer tumor response using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, and adverse events were recorded.ResultsA total of 23 participants were recruited, of whom 17 (73.9%) were male, with a mean (SD) age of 69.7 (9.6) years. No participants withdrew; however, 4 died during the study due to disease progression. The mean (SD) AK number significantly decreased from 47.2 (33.8) at baseline to 14.3 (12.0) at 12 months (P &lt; .001). Younger patients (8 of 12 [66.7%] vs 4 of 12 [33.3%]; P = .007) and those with a history of blistering sunburn (12 of 12 [100%] vs 0; P = .005) were more likely to reduce their AK numbers by 65% or greater. KC total numbers decreased from 42 in the 12 months before starting ICI therapy to 17 in the 12 months after. The number of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas decreased from 16 to 5 in the same period.Conclusions and RelevanceThis pilot cohort study found that ICIs used for any cancer were associated with a significant reduction of AKs, suggesting potential as an immunopreventive strategy for high-risk individuals. Given the known effects of other chemopreventive agents on KCs, further investigation into ICIs managing field cancerization is required, especially considering toxicity and cost.25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"CTLA-4 Inhibitor: modality Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on CTLA-4 Inhibitor (modality). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. 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Tumor microenvironment changes included increased CD8+ T-cell density and decreased FOXP3+ Treg infiltration in responders.","limitations":"- Very small sample size (24 patients, 26 tumors), limiting precision of estimates — especially for dMMR (n=4).\n- Single-arm design with no comparator arm.\n- Pathologic response is a surrogate endpoint; long-term survival outcomes are not yet available.","practice_takeaway":"Botensilimab + balstilimab showed promising MPR rates in pMMR colon cancer — a population historically resistant to immunotherapy — without delaying surgery. Clinicians should watch for larger confirmatory trials before adopting this regimen outside a study setting."}},{"doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","pmid":"42636832","title":"Durvalumab and tremelimumab, with or without lenvatinib, combined with transarterial chemoembolisation in participants with embolisation-eligible hepatocellular carcinoma (EMERALD-3): a global, randomised, open-label, sponsor-blinded, phase 3 study","journal_title":"The Lancet Oncology","journal_issn":"1470-2045","published_at":"2026-08-24T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","source_score":41,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-09-05T06:20:12.076Z","updated_at":"2026-09-05T06:20:12.076Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"brand","value":"Imfinzi","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"category","value":"Oncology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"generic","value":"durvalumab","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"generic","value":"lenvatinib","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"generic","value":"tremelimumab","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"1","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"modality","value":"CTLA-4 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"modality","value":"PD-L1 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"modality","value":"Transarterial Chemoembolisation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"modality","value":"Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=760","value_numeric":760},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Randomized Controlled Trial","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"warning","value":"Brand tag 'Imfinzi' applies to durvalumab; tremelimumab's brand name (Imjudo) was not mentioned in the source text and was therefore omitted.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"warning","value":"OS data are immature at time of publication — the primary PFS endpoint was met but OS did not reach statistical significance; final OS analysis is ongoing.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"warning","value":"TACE procedures were not standardised (technique and frequency per investigator discretion), which may limit generalisability and introduces heterogeneity across sites.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s1470-2045(26)00278-0","tag_type":"warning","value":"The 'practice_changing' flag is applied cautiously: PFS improvement is statistically significant, but confirmed OS benefit is absent at this interim analysis.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This phase 3 RCT (EMERALD-3) evaluated STRIDE (single-dose tremelimumab 300 mg + durvalumab 1500 mg, then durvalumab every 4 weeks), with or without lenvatinib, combined with TACE versus TACE alone in 760 adults with embolisation-eligible HCC not amenable to curative therapy, across 177 sites in 21 countries.","key_result":"STRIDE + lenvatinib + TACE significantly improved median PFS vs TACE alone (13.0 vs 9.8 months; HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.57–0.86; p=0.0007), but median OS did not reach statistical significance (39.5 vs 34.7 months; HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.65–1.09; p=0.18). STRIDE + TACE also improved PFS vs TACE (12.9 vs 8.1 months; HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56–0.91). Serious adverse events were more common in combination arms (64% and 51%) than TACE alone (23%); treatment-related deaths occurred in 7 (2%) patients on STRIDE + lenvatinib + TACE.","limitations":"- OS data are immature (final analysis pending); the OS result did not reach statistical significance at interim analysis.\n- Open-label design with sponsor blinding only may introduce performance or assessment bias.\n- TACE technique and number of procedures were left to investigator discretion, introducing heterogeneity.","practice_takeaway":"STRIDE + lenvatinib + TACE improves PFS in embolisation-eligible HCC and may represent a new combination option, but the OS benefit is not yet confirmed — clinicians should weigh this against a meaningfully higher serious adverse event burden (64% vs 23%) and treatment-related mortality risk before routine adoption."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","pmid":"42575758","title":"Shared genetic architecture and therapeutic targets across paediatric immune-mediated diseases","journal_title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases","journal_issn":"0003-4967","published_at":"2026-08-10T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","source_score":33,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-17T13:33:09.511Z","updated_at":"2026-08-17T13:33:09.511Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"age_group","value":"pediatric","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"category","value":"Rheumatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"condition","value":"Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"condition","value":"Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"condition","value":"Paediatric Rheumatic Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"modality","value":"Biologic DMARD","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"modality","value":"CTLA-4 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"modality","value":"JAK Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"modality","value":"PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=149105","value_numeric":149105},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Genome-Wide Association Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"warning","value":"Level of evidence set to 2 (large GWAS with functional follow-up); no interventional or clinical outcome data are included.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size (n=149,105) is the combined total of 18,086 cases and 131,019 controls; disease-level sample sizes vary and are not individually reported in the abstract.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study population is restricted to European ancestry — findings may not generalise to other ethnic groups.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.07.007","tag_type":"warning","value":"The 'practice_changing' impact flag reflects the novel genomic framework and drug-target findings, but clinical validation of identified targets in paediatric populations is pending.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Genome-wide association study of 24 paediatric-onset immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) — including juvenile idiopathic arthritis and related rheumatic diseases — in 18,086 cases and 131,019 European-ancestry controls, examining shared and disease-specific genetic architecture, comparison with adult IMIDs, and drug-target prioritisation.","key_result":"SNP-based heritability ranged from 28.9% (allergic) to 61.9% (autoimmune IMIDs). Meta-analysis found 39 genome-wide significant non-MHC loci (15 novel); 19 were shared across categories. Priority Index analysis flagged 178 high-scoring genes, 43 of which are approved or investigational IMID drug targets. Core pathways included NF-κB, JAK-STAT, Th17, PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4, and osteoclast differentiation.","limitations":"Analysis restricted to European ancestry, limiting generalisability. Study relies on cross-disease GWAS meta-analysis with heterogeneous phenotype definitions across 24 conditions. Drug-target prioritisation is genomic and computational — functional or clinical validation is not yet provided.","practice_takeaway":"Paediatric IMIDs share core immune pathways (JAK-STAT, NF-κB, CTLA-4) with adult rheumatic diseases, supporting the rationale for trialling adult-approved biologics and targeted therapies in children. Clinicians can expect genomic tools to increasingly inform classification and precision treatment selection in paediatric rheumatology."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","pmid":"42431784","title":"Cancer risk of Janus kinase inhibitors and other advanced therapies in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis of RCTs","journal_title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases","journal_issn":"0003-4967","published_at":"2026-07-10T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","source_score":7,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-23T13:33:19.238Z","updated_at":"2026-07-23T13:33:19.238Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"category","value":"Rheumatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"condition","value":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"condition","value":"Psoriasis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"condition","value":"Psoriatic Arthritis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"condition","value":"Rheumatoid Arthritis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"generic","value":"tofacitinib","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"1","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"modality","value":"CD20 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"modality","value":"CTLA-4 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"modality","value":"IL-12/23 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"modality","value":"IL-17 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"modality","value":"IL-23 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"modality","value":"IL-6 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"modality","value":"JAK Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"modality","value":"TNF Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=164824","value_numeric":164824},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"warning","value":"Class-level pooling of JAK inhibitors may mask agent-specific or dose-specific differences; individual drug comparisons are not reported.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"warning","value":"Long-term extension studies are included alongside RCTs, which may introduce exposure-time bias favoring detection of malignancy in longer studies.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.ard.2026.06.017","tag_type":"warning","value":"The absolute risk calculations depend on assumed baseline cancer incidence rates for 'standard-risk' vs 'higher-risk' populations, which are not fully specified in the abstract—clinicians should interpret absolute numbers cautiously without the full paper.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis evaluated relative and absolute cancer risk of JAK inhibitors (JAKis) vs other advanced therapies (TNFi, IL-6, IL-17, IL-23, IL-12/23, CTLA-4, CD20 inhibitors) across immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (RA, PsO/PsA, IBD) using 305 RCTs and long-term extension studies (164,824 participants; 264,100 person-years exposure) published up to February 2026.","key_result":"JAKis were associated with higher malignancy risk than TNFi (RR 1.60; 95% CrI 1.27–2.02) and standard care (RR 1.85; 95% CrI 1.38–2.47) across all three disease areas. Absolute excess risk vs TNFi was negligible in standard-risk patients (~1 extra cancer per 27,000 person-years) but clinically meaningful in high-risk patients (~1 extra cancer per 147 person-years). IL-6, IL-17, IL-23, IL-12/23, CTLA-4, and CD20 inhibitors showed cancer risks broadly comparable to TNFi.","limitations":"- Relies on RCT and long-term extension data, which may underrepresent older or higher-risk patients seen in routine care.\n- Class-level pooling may obscure differences between individual JAKi agents or doses.\n- Malignancy outcomes (including non-melanoma skin cancer) vary in ascertainment and reporting across trials.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians should apply risk-stratified decision-making when prescribing JAKis across all IMIDs—not just RA—particularly in patients with prior malignancy or other cancer risk factors. For standard-risk patients the absolute excess risk vs TNFi is very small, but it becomes meaningful in higher-risk populations (~1 extra cancer per 147 person-years)."}},{"doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","pmid":"42330996","title":"Addition of ipilimumab to atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (PRODIGE 81-FFCD 2101-TRIPLET HCC): phase 2 results from a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 2–3 trial","journal_title":"The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology","journal_issn":"2468-1253","published_at":"2026-06-22T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","source_score":12,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-26T13:25:23.413Z","updated_at":"2026-06-26T13:25:23.413Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"brand","value":"Avastin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"brand","value":"Tecentriq","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"brand","value":"Yervoy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"category","value":"Gastroenterology & Hepatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"generic","value":"atezolizumab","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"generic","value":"bevacizumab","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"generic","value":"ipilimumab","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"safety_signal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"2","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"modality","value":"CTLA-4 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"modality","value":"PD-L1 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"modality","value":"VEGF Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=226","value_numeric":226},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Randomized Controlled Trial","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"warning","value":"91% of enrolled patients were male, which may limit generalisability to female patients with HCC.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"warning","value":"Brand name for atezolizumab (Tecentriq) has been associated with a withdrawal from some markets; clinicians should verify current availability.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00115-9","tag_type":"warning","value":"The trial is phase 2 non-comparative — no formal statistical comparison between arms was performed; the stopping rule was based solely on a response threshold in the experimental arm.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This randomised, open-label, phase 2–3 trial (PRODIGE 81-FFCD 2101-TRIPLET HCC) evaluated whether adding ipilimumab 1 mg/kg (up to 4 doses) to standard atezolizumab 1200 mg plus bevacizumab 15 mg/kg (every 3 weeks, up to 2 years) improved objective response at 24 weeks in 226 treatment-naive adults with unresectable HCC and Child-Pugh A disease across 36 French hospitals (March 2023–September 2024).","key_result":"At 24 weeks, the triple combination arm achieved an objective response rate of 30% (34/113 patients; 80% CI 24–36), falling short of the pre-specified threshold of 35 responders needed to advance to phase 3; the control arm (atezolizumab + bevacizumab) had a 27% ORR (31/113). Treatment-related deaths occurred in 6 (5%) patients in the triple arm vs. none in the control arm.","limitations":"- Phase 2 non-comparative design limits conclusions about superiority or inferiority between arms.\n- Low ipilimumab dose (1 mg/kg) may not have been sufficient for meaningful CTLA-4 blockade in this setting.\n- Single-country (France) enrolment may limit generalisability.","practice_takeaway":"Adding low-dose ipilimumab (1 mg/kg) to atezolizumab plus bevacizumab does not improve response rates and adds treatment-related mortality (5% vs. 0%) in first-line unresectable HCC — this triple combination should not be adopted in clinical practice."}},{"doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","pmid":"42066786","title":"Effect of one or two cycles of dual immunotherapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab in patients with mismatch repair-deficient rectal cancer (RESET-R): interim results from a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial","journal_title":"The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology","journal_issn":"2468-1253","published_at":"2026-05-01T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","source_score":24,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-15T13:21:57.767Z","updated_at":"2026-06-15T13:21:57.767Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"brand","value":"Opdivo","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"brand","value":"Yervoy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"category","value":"Gastroenterology & Hepatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"condition","value":"Mismatch Repair-Deficient Rectal Cancer","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"condition","value":"Rectal Adenocarcinoma","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"generic","value":"ipilimumab","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"generic","value":"nivolumab","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"modality","value":"CTLA-4 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"modality","value":"Dual Immune Checkpoint Blockade","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"modality","value":"PD-1 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=16","value_numeric":16},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Single-Arm Phase 2 Trial","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"warning","value":"Median follow-up of 16 months is insufficient to assess long-term organ preservation outcomes or late recurrences.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"warning","value":"The impact_flag 'practice_changing' reflects the striking efficacy signal, but authors explicitly note the findings are preliminary and require confirmation with full enrolment and longer follow-up.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/s2468-1253(26)00047-6","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is an early interim analysis of only 16 of a planned 39 patients; the 100% cCR rate should be interpreted with caution given the small sample and wide confidence interval (79.4–100.0%).","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Short-course preoperative dual immune checkpoint blockade (nivolumab + ipilimumab, 1–2 cycles) was evaluated in 16 patients with histologically confirmed stage I–III dMMR rectal adenocarcinoma in a single-arm phase 2 trial (RESET-R) conducted at two Danish hospitals, with the primary endpoint of clinical complete response (cCR) at day 93.","key_result":"All 16 patients (100%; 95% CI 79.4–100.0) achieved cCR by day 93—11 after one cycle and 5 after two cycles. No patient required chemoradiotherapy or surgery. No recurrence or progression was observed at median follow-up of 16 months (IQR 9–18). Grade 3 immune-related adverse events occurred in 3 patients (19%); no grade 4/5 toxicities or treatment-related deaths were reported.","limitations":"- Very small interim cohort (n=16); full planned enrolment is 39 patients.\n- Single-arm design with no comparator group.\n- Follow-up is short (median 16 months), so durability of cCR and organ-preservation safety remain unconfirmed.","practice_takeaway":"In dMMR rectal cancer, just 1–2 cycles of nivolumab plus ipilimumab may be enough to achieve complete clinical response and avoid surgery entirely—a striking early signal. Until full enrolment and longer follow-up data are available, this approach should remain within clinical trial settings."}},{"doi":"10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-1126","pmid":"41524578","title":"Cytometric Atlas of Combination Immunotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer: Blood-Based Signatures Reveal Vaccine and Checkpoint Inhibitor Responses","journal_title":"Cancer Immunology Research","journal_issn":"2326-6066","published_at":"2026-01-12T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-1126","source_score":30,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-01-16","doi":"10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-1126","days":"7","issn":"2326-6066","rank":"4","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"30","category":"Immunology","categories":["Immunology"],"_categories":["Immunology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-25-1126","title":"Cytometric Atlas of Combination Immunotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer: Blood-Based Signatures Reveal Vaccine and Checkpoint Inhibitor 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hierarchies.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1136/jitc-2025-013222","tag_type":"warning","value":"Efficacy was assessed in 35 patients, distinct from the 44 patients evaluable for safety.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A phase 1b study tested botensilimab (Fc‑enhanced anti–CTLA‑4) plus balstilimab (anti–PD‑1) in treatment‑refractory ovarian cancer, with BOT 1 or 2 mg/kg IV every 6 weeks and BAL 3 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks (up to 2 years). Forty‑four patients were evaluable for safety and 35 for efficacy (median 3 prior lines; median follow‑up 9.6 months).","key_result":"The most common treatment‑related adverse event was diarrhea/colitis (43%; 16% grade 3) with no treatment‑related deaths. RECIST‑confirmed ORR was 23% (8/35; one CR, seven PRs), clinical benefit rate was 31% (11/35), median DOR 9.7 months, median PFS 2.8 months, median OS 14.8 months, and 12‑month OS 75%.","limitations":"Efficacy findings are based on 35 patients with a median follow‑up of 9.6 months, limiting maturity of DOR and OS estimates. RECIST was reported to under‑represent clinical benefit in this cohort.","practice_takeaway":"In heavily pretreated, platinum‑resistant/refractory ovarian cancer, BOT/BAL produced a 23% response rate with durable responses and manageable immune‑mediated colitis; consider trial referral where available. Monitor closely for diarrhea/colitis and manage promptly."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2024.5750","pmid":"39937504","title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Field Cancerization and Keratinocyte Cancer Prevention","journal_title":"JAMA Dermatology","journal_issn":"2168-6068","published_at":"2025-02-12T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2024.5750","source_score":74,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2025-02-18","doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2024.5750","days":"30","issn":"2168-6068","rank":"3","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"74","category":"Dermatology","categories":["Dermatology"],"_categories":["Dermatology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2024.5750","title":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Field Cancerization and Keratinocyte Cancer Prevention.","journal":"JAMA dermatology","methods":"","results":"A total of 23 participants were recruited, of whom 17 (73.9%) were male, with a mean (SD) age of 69.7 (9.6) years. No participants withdrew; however, 4 died during the study due to disease progression. The mean (SD) AK number significantly decreased from 47.2 (33.8) at baseline to 14.3 (12.0) at 12 months (P < .001). Younger patients (8 of 12 [66.7%] vs 4 of 12 [33.3%]; P = .007) and those with a history of blistering sunburn (12 of 12 [100%] vs 0; P = .005) were more likely to reduce their AK numbers by 65% or greater. KC total numbers decreased from 42 in the 12 months before starting ICI therapy to 17 in the 12 months after. The number of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas decreased from 16 to 5 in the same period.","abstract":"$37","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"39937504","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2025-02-12T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2024.5750","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2024.5750","ISSN":["2168-6068"],"link":[{"URL":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/articlepdf/2830216/jamadermatology_cox_2025_oi_240070_1744811599.52904.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":"383","type":"journal-article","issue":"4","score":1,"title":["Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Field Cancerization and Keratinocyte Cancer Prevention"],"author":[{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, Experimental Dermatology Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, Experimental Dermatology Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}]},{"given":"Euan","family":"Walpole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia"}]},{"given":"Edwige","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, Experimental Dermatology Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Dousset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, Experimental Dermatology Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Ladwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia"}]},{"given":"Kiarash","family":"Khosrotehrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Research Centre, Frazer Institute, Experimental Dermatology Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, 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AKs were counted at baseline and up to 12 months; keratinocyte carcinoma excisions were compared for the 12 months before vs after therapy.","key_result":"Mean AK count fell from 47.2 to 14.3 at 12 months (P<.001). KC totals dropped from 42 in the prior 12 months to 17 after, and cutaneous SCC from 16 to 5; younger patients were more likely to achieve ≥65% AK reduction (8/12 [66.7%] vs 4/12 [33.3%]; P=.007), as were those with a history of blistering sunburn (12/12 [100%] vs 0; P=.005).","limitations":"Pilot, single-center study with a small sample (n=23) and a pre/post design without a control group; heterogeneous ICI regimens (PD‑1 or PD‑L1 ± CTLA‑4) across cancers; four participants died during follow-up.","practice_takeaway":"For patients already on PD‑1/PD‑L1 therapy, AK burden and KC excisions may decline over 12 months. Do not start ICIs solely for field cancerization prevention based on this pilot; larger controlled studies are needed."}}],"initialOffset":10,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"modality","value":"CTLA-4 Inhibitor"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Modalities","href":"/hub/tag/modality"},{"name":"CTLA-4 Inhibitor"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"modality","hub_tag_value":"CTLA-4 Inhibitor"}}}]]

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