2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T733,Children with certain underlying conditions are at higher risk for severe influenza-related complications. In the United States, annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all children aged 6 months and older, yet vaccine effectiveness (VE) in children with underlying conditions remains less understood. We assessed VE against laboratory-confirmed influenza in children with and without underlying conditions presenting to emergency departments or admitted to hospitals. We enrolled US children aged 6 months to 17 years at 7 pediatric medical centers within the New Vaccine Surveillance Network during 5 influenza seasons (2015-2020). Influenza status was confirmed by molecular testing and vaccination status was verified using state immunization registries or from health care clinicians. Underlying conditions were abstracted from medical records or self-reported by parents/guardians. VE was estimated by comparing the odds of vaccination among influenza-positive cases vs controls, adjusting for age, site, and calendar time. Of the 15 875 children included, 2821 (18%) tested positive for influenza. Overall, VE against influenza-associated emergency department visits or hospitalizations was 43% (95% CI: 35%-50%) for children with underlying conditions and 53% (95% CI: 47%-59%) for those without, and there was significant effect measure modification by the presence of underlying conditions (P = .04). VE was lowest among children with respiratory conditions (31%, 95% CI: 19%-42%). Influenza vaccination provided protection in both children with and children without underlying conditions. Efforts to improve influenza vaccination coverage and to initiate early treatment for influenza, particularly in populations at increased risk for severe influenza, are essential to reducing influenza-associated complications.31:T9d9, OBJECTIVE Children with certain underlying conditions are at higher risk for severe influenza-related complications. In the United States, annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all children aged 6 months and older, yet vaccine effectiveness (VE) in children with underlying conditions remains less understood. We assessed VE against laboratory-confirmed influenza in children with and without underlying conditions presenting to emergency departments or admitted to hospitals. METHODS We enrolled US children aged 6 months to 17 years at 7 pediatric medical centers within the New Vaccine Surveillance Network during 5 influenza seasons (2015–2020). Influenza status was confirmed by molecular testing and vaccination status was verified using state immunization registries or from health care clinicians. Underlying conditions were abstracted from medical records or self-reported by parents/guardians. VE was estimated by comparing the odds of vaccination among influenza-positive cases vs controls, adjusting for age, site, and calendar time. RESULTS Of the 15 875 children included, 2821 (18%) tested positive for influenza. Overall, VE against influenza-associated emergency department visits or hospitalizations was 43% (95% CI: 35%-50%) for children with underlying conditions and 53% (95% CI: 47%-59%) for those without, and there was significant effect measure modification by the presence of underlying conditions (P = .04). VE was lowest among children with respiratory conditions (31%, 95% CI: 19%-42%). CONCLUSION Influenza vaccination provided protection in both children with and children without underlying conditions. Efforts to improve influenza vaccination coverage and to initiate early treatment for influenza, particularly in populations at increased risk for severe influenza, are essential to reducing influenza-associated complications. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Influenza Vaccine: modality Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Influenza Vaccine (modality). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. 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the paper does not appear to present conclusive proof.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128963","tag_type":"warning","value":"No sample size is applicable — this is a historical narrative review with no primary patient cohort.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128963","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design labeled 'Narrative Review' based on abstract language; formal systematic review methods are not mentioned.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This paper reviews the 1977 influenza A H1N1 reemergence ('Russian flu'/'red flu'), tracing its historical context from the 1976 Fort Dix outbreak, its global spread in 1977–1978, its unusual age-specific epidemiology, debated origins (including evidence for an unnatural source), and the vaccines and campaigns deployed in response.","key_result":"The 1977 H1N1 outbreak disproportionately affected young people; the review synthesizes evidence and expert opinion pointing toward a possible unnatural (laboratory-related) origin, distinguishing this event from typical pandemic influenza dynamics.","limitations":"This is a narrative historical review, not an original data study, so causal claims about origin rely on indirect evidence and prior literature rather than new experimental data.","practice_takeaway":"Understanding the atypical age distribution and debated origins of the 1977 H1N1 outbreak can inform biosafety policy and preparedness planning for future influenza events, particularly regarding laboratory containment standards."}},{"doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag437","pmid":"42442752","title":"Influenza vaccine effectiveness against outpatient acute respiratory illness with laboratory-confirmed influenza, United States, 2024–25 season","journal_title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","journal_issn":"1058-4838","published_at":"2026-07-14T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciag437","source_score":14,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-26T13:44:49.602Z","updated_at":"2026-07-26T13:44:49.602Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag437","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag437","tag_type":"category","value":"Infectious Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag437","tag_type":"condition","value":"Acute Respiratory Illness","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag437","tag_type":"condition","value":"Influenza","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag437","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag437","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag437","tag_type":"modality","value":"Influenza Vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag437","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=6793","value_numeric":6793},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag437","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag437","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Test-Negative Design","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag437","tag_type":"warning","value":"B/Victoria VE estimate (40%, 95% CI: 12–59%) has notably wide confidence intervals due to relatively few B/Victoria cases (n=183).","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag437","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design is a test-negative observational design, which controls for healthcare-seeking behavior but cannot fully exclude residual confounding.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1093/cid/ciag437","tag_type":"warning","value":"VE estimates are specific to outpatient mild-to-moderate illness and should not be generalized to inpatient or severe disease outcomes.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against outpatient, lab-confirmed influenza was estimated using a test-negative design among ≥8-month-old patients with acute respiratory illness across 7 U.S. states during the 2024–25 season (A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) predominant).","key_result":"Among 6,793 patients, 2,016 (30%) tested positive for influenza. Overall VE was 33% (95% CI: 24–41); subtype-specific VE was 27% (95% CI: 14–39) vs. A(H3N2), 37% (95% CI: 24–48) vs. A(H1N1)pdm09, and 40% (95% CI: 12–59) vs. B/Victoria. No significant interaction was found between current and prior season vaccination.","limitations":"- Test-negative design may not fully capture all sources of confounding.\n- VE estimates are limited to mild-to-moderate outpatient illness; protection against severe disease is not assessed.\n- B/Victoria subtype VE has wide confidence intervals (12–59%), indicating uncertainty due to smaller case numbers.","practice_takeaway":"Influenza vaccination in 2024–25 reduced the risk of outpatient medically attended influenza by roughly one-third overall. Clinicians should continue to recommend annual influenza vaccination, noting that prior season vaccination status does not meaningfully alter the benefit of current season vaccination."}},{"doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","pmid":"42402353","title":"Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Pediatric Death in the United States: 2016–2025","journal_title":"Pediatrics","journal_issn":"0031-4005","published_at":"2026-07-06T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2026-076453","source_score":24,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-08T13:26:38.961Z","updated_at":"2026-07-08T13:26:38.961Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","tag_type":"age_group","value":"pediatric","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","tag_type":"category","value":"Pediatrics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","tag_type":"condition","value":"Influenza","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pediatric Influenza-Associated Death","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","tag_type":"generic","value":"influenza vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","tag_type":"modality","value":"Influenza Vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=1234","value_numeric":1234},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Case-Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","tag_type":"warning","value":"148 of 1,234 deaths (12%) lacked vaccination information and were excluded from the primary analysis, which could introduce bias if missing data are non-random.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","tag_type":"warning","value":"Season-specific or strain-specific VE data are not reported; pooled multi-season estimates may mask year-to-year variability.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2026-076453","tag_type":"warning","value":"The level of evidence is rated 3 (observational case-cohort) rather than 1, as no randomized design was used; VE estimates may be subject to residual confounding.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This case-cohort study estimated influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated death in children aged 6 months to 17 years in the US across nine seasons (2016–2017 through 2024–2025), comparing vaccination status among 1,086 pediatric deaths to population-level vaccination coverage surveys.","key_result":"Overall VE against pediatric influenza death was **80%** (95% CI 75–84); VE was **77%** (95% CI 71–82) among children with underlying medical conditions and **87%** (95% CI 84–89) among previously healthy children. Only 23% of children with underlying conditions and 13% without were vaccinated at time of death, versus ~49% average coverage in the general pediatric population.","limitations":"- Case-cohort design relies on surveillance reports, which may under-ascertain deaths or have incomplete vaccination data (148 of 1,234 deaths lacked vaccination information).\n- Vaccination coverage comparators come from surveys, not individually matched controls, introducing potential selection or misclassification bias.\n- Cannot assess VE by specific influenza strain, vaccine type, or season-by-season variation.","practice_takeaway":"Influenza vaccination cuts the risk of flu-related death in children by about 80%, with benefit seen in both healthy children and those with chronic conditions. Clinicians should prioritize annual influenza vaccination for all children 6 months and older, especially those with underlying medical conditions who remain undervaccinated."}},{"doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","pmid":"42185004","title":"Prise en charge de la multimorbidité cœur–cerveau : un guide de pratique clinique","journal_title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal","journal_issn":"0820-3946","published_at":"2026-05-24T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","source_score":10,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-06T13:22:59.649Z","updated_at":"2026-06-06T13:22:59.649Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"age_group","value":"older_adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"category","value":"Medicine, General & Internal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"condition","value":"Atrial Fibrillation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"condition","value":"Cognitive Impairment","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"condition","value":"Coronary Artery Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"condition","value":"Dementia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"condition","value":"Depression","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"condition","value":"Dyslipidemia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"condition","value":"Heart-Brain Multimorbidity","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hypertension","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"condition","value":"Myocardial Infarction","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"condition","value":"Stroke","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"1","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"modality","value":"Antihypertensive Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"modality","value":"Cognitive Behavioural Therapy","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"modality","value":"Herpes Zoster Vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"modality","value":"Influenza Vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"modality","value":"PCSK9 Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"modality","value":"Pneumococcal Vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"modality","value":"SSRI","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"modality","value":"Statin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Clinical Practice Guideline","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"warning","value":"Evidence for vaccination and dementia outcomes is largely observational; recommendations on shingles vaccine and dementia are downgraded to level 3, grade C.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"warning","value":"No sample size tag was applied: this is a guideline synthesizing multiple studies rather than a single primary study with one N.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"warning","value":"Recommendations on behavioral interventions and diabetes–heart–brain comorbidity were not finalized due to insufficient evidence or failure to reach consensus threshold at time of publication.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1503/cmaj.251137-f","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a French-language translation of the original English guideline published March 30, 2026 (CMAJ 198:E425-39); the canonical citation should reference the English version.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This C-CHANGE clinical practice guideline evaluated the screening and management of concurrent heart–brain multimorbidity (atrial fibrillation + cognitive impairment, coronary artery disease + depression, hypertension + cognitive impairment, dyslipidemia + stroke risk, and vaccination for prevention of stroke/MI/dementia) primarily for primary care providers. Evidence was synthesized from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and RCTs published up to August 2024.","key_result":"Eleven recommendations were issued: **Screen** patients with AF for cognitive decline (evidence level 2A, grade B) and CAD patients for depression (1B, grade B). **Treat** confirmed depression in CAD with SSRIs (1A, grade A) or CBT (1B, grade C); target systolic BP <120 mmHg in hypertensive patients at high CV risk to reduce cognitive impairment risk (1B, grade A); intensify LDL-lowering to <1.8 mmol/L in CAD (1A, grade A) and post-stroke (1B, grade B). **Vaccinate** routinely—especially those ≥65 years—against influenza (reduces CV death by 23–47%, stroke by 13–19%), pneumococcus (reduces MI RR 0.88, stroke RR 0.86–0.90), and shingles (reduces stroke OR 0.78, MI OR 0.63–0.73). Shared decision-making using evidence-based decision aids is also recommended (1A, grade B).","limitations":"- Most included studies were not designed to assess joint heart–brain outcomes directly, leading to evidence downgrading for nearly all recommendations.\n- Women and sex/gender-specific analyses were markedly underrepresented across the underlying trials (e.g., men comprised 75–83% of lipid-lowering trial participants).\n- Scope is intentionally narrow; many heart–brain comorbidity combinations (e.g., heart failure + cognition, diabetes + heart–brain disease, RSV/COVID-19 vaccination) lacked sufficient evidence for formal recommendations.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians managing patients with AF, CAD, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or stroke should routinely screen for cognitive decline and depression, treat both cardiac and mental health conditions together, and proactively offer influenza, pneumococcal, and shingles vaccines to reduce downstream CV and dementia risk. Shared decision-making tools should be integrated into consultations to align care with patient values."}},{"doi":"10.1542/peds.2025-072184","pmid":"41506521","title":"Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Children With and Without Underlying Conditions","journal_title":"Pediatrics","journal_issn":"0031-4005","published_at":"2026-01-09T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2025-072184","source_score":45,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-01-12","doi":"10.1542/peds.2025-072184","days":"7","issn":"0031-4005","rank":"2","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"45","category":"Pediatrics","categories":["Pediatrics"],"_categories":["Pediatrics"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1542/peds.2025-072184","title":"Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Children With and Without Underlying Conditions.","journal":"Pediatrics","methods":"","results":"Of the 15 875 children included, 2821 (18%) tested positive for influenza. Overall, VE against influenza-associated emergency department visits or hospitalizations was 43% (95% CI: 35%-50%) for children with underlying conditions and 53% (95% CI: 47%-59%) for those without, and there was significant effect measure modification by the presence of underlying conditions (P = .04). VE was lowest among children with respiratory conditions (31%, 95% CI: 19%-42%).","abstract":"$30","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"41506521","conclusions":"Influenza vaccination provided protection in both children with and children without underlying conditions. Efforts to improve influenza vaccination coverage and to initiate early treatment for influenza, particularly in populations at increased risk for severe influenza, are essential to reducing influenza-associated complications.","publication_date":"2026-01-09T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1542/peds.2025-072184","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2025-072184","ISSN":["0031-4005","1098-4275"],"link":[{"URL":"https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/doi/10.1542/peds.2025-072184/1905511/pediatrics.2025072184.pdf","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/doi/10.1542/peds.2025-072184/1905511/pediatrics.2025072184.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Children With and Without Underlying Conditions"],"author":[{"given":"Haya","family":"Hayek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee"}]},{"given":"Emma K.","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"3Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee"}]},{"given":"Laura S.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee"}]},{"given":"Leila C.","family":"Sahni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Texas Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Boom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Texas Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"}]},{"given":"Marian G.","family":"Michaels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}]},{"given":"John V.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"},{"name":"6Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin"}]},{"given":"Janet A.","family":"Englund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}]},{"given":"Eileen J.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"7Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}]},{"given":"Mary A.","family":"Staat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth P.","family":"Schlaudecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"}]},{"given":"Rangaraj","family":"Selvarangan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Medicine, Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey A.","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"10University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Szilagyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"10University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York"},{"name":"11Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Mattel Children’s Hospital, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California"}]},{"given":"Benjamin R.","family":"Clopper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"12Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}]},{"given":"Heidi L.","family":"Moline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"12Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}]},{"given":"Kelsey M.","family":"Sumner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}]},{"given":"Natasha B.","family":"Halasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee"}]},{"given":"Samantha M.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 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Vaccine","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2025-072184","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=15,875","value_numeric":15875},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2025-072184","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Case-Control","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2025-072184","tag_type":"warning","value":"Only abstract-level details were available; full methods and subgroup definitions may provide additional nuance.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1542/peds.2025-072184","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study appears to use a test-negative case-control design; classified here as Case-Control.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Influenza vaccine effectiveness was evaluated against molecularly confirmed influenza among US children aged 6 months–17 years seen in emergency departments or hospitalized at 7 pediatric centers across 5 seasons (2015–2020), comparing those with vs without underlying conditions using an odds-of-vaccination case-control approach. Of 15,875 enrolled, 2,821 (18%) tested positive; vaccination status was registry/clinician verified, and underlying conditions were from records or parent/guardian report.","key_result":"Vaccine effectiveness against influenza-associated ED visits or hospitalizations was 43% (95% CI 35%–50%) in children with underlying conditions and 53% (95% CI 47%–59%) in those without, with a significant difference by underlying condition status (P=.04); VE was lowest in children with respiratory conditions at 31% (95% CI 19%–42%).","limitations":"Underlying conditions were obtained from medical records or parent/guardian self-report. Findings reflect ED and inpatient encounters at 7 centers during 2015–2020 and may not represent outpatient illness or other settings.","practice_takeaway":"Vaccinate all eligible children, including those with chronic conditions; expect meaningful protection against ED visits and hospitalizations, though protection may be lower in children with respiratory comorbidities. For high-risk children with suspected influenza, prioritize early treatment."}}],"initialOffset":5,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"modality","value":"Influenza Vaccine"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Modalities","href":"/hub/tag/modality"},{"name":"Influenza Vaccine"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"modality","hub_tag_value":"Influenza Vaccine"}}}]]

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