Journal of Investigative Dermatology

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Assessment of tissue FoxP3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in active and stable nonsegmental vitiligo

Int J Dermatol

Vitiligo: a comprehensive overview part I. Introduction, epidemiology, quality of life, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, associations, histopathology, etiology, and work-up

J Am Acad Dermatol

Probiotics with ameliorating effects on the severity of skin inflammation in psoriasis: evidence from experimental and clinical studies

J Cell Physiol

IDO activates regulatory T cells and blocks their conversion into Th17-like T cells

J Immunol

QuPath: open source software for digital pathology image analysis

Sci Rep

Functional defects of peripheral regulatory T lymphocytes in patients with progressive vitiligo

Pigment Cell Melanoma Res

Clinical features and histological findings are potential indicators of activity in lesions of common vitiligo

Br J Dermatol

Analysis of matched skin and gut microbiome of patients with vitiligo reveals deep skin dysbiosis: link with mitochondrial and immune changes

J Invest Dermatol

Role of cytokines in vitiligo: pathogenesis and possible targets for old and new treatments

Int J Mol Sci

Antibiotics drive microbial imbalance and vitiligo development in mice

Ecology and genomics of Bacillus subtilis

Trends Microbiol

Immune responses in a mouse model of vitiligo with spontaneous epidermal de- and repigmentation

Microbial community profiling shows dysbiosis in the lesional skin of vitiligo subjects

The role of interleukins in vitiligo: a systematic review

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol

Alternative activation of macrophages: mechanism and functions

Immunity

The EpsE flagellar clutch is bifunctional and synergizes with EPS biosynthesis to promote Bacillus subtilis biofilm formation

PLoS Genet

Natto - a food made by fermenting cooked soybeans with Bacillus subtilis (natto)

Novel markers to delineate murine M1 and M2 macrophages

PLoS One

Protection from intestinal inflammation by bacterial exopolysaccharides

Exopolysaccharide-treated dendritic cells effectively ameliorate acute graft-versus-host disease

Transplant Cell Ther

Amelioration of graft-versus-host disease by exopolysaccharide from a commensal bacterium

Gut microbiota restoration through fecal microbiota transplantation: a new atopic dermatitis therapy

Exp Mol Med

Reduced skin homing by functional Treg in vitiligo

Autoimmune etiology of generalized vitiligo

Curr Dir Autoimmun

Presence of T cells and macrophages in inflammatory vitiligo skin parallels melanocyte disappearance

Am J Pathol

Involvement of interferon γ-producing mast cells in immune responses against melanocytes in vitiligo requires MrgX2 activation

Chin Med J (Engl)

Incidence of childhood-onset vitiligo and increased risk of atopic dermatitis, autoimmune diseases, and psoriasis: a nationwide population-based study

Safety of the current drug treatments for vitiligo

Expert Opin Drug Saf

The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment

F1000Prime Rep

Carbohydrate analysis by a phenol-sulfuric acid method in microplate format

Anal Biochem

A coreceptor-independent transgenic human TCR mediates anti-tumor and anti-self immunity in mice

Differential roles of IDO1 and IDO2 in T and B Cell Inflammatory Immune Responses

Front Immunol

Skin interstitial fluid and plasma multiplex cytokine analysis reveals IFN-γ signatures and granzyme B as useful biomarker for activity, severity and prognosis assessment in vitiligo

Loss of SIGLEC Expression on T lymphocytes during Human evolution

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA

Gut microbial dysbiosis and plasma metabolic profile in individuals with vitiligo

Front Microbiol

Defining the proteomic landscape of cultured macrophages and their polarization continuum

Immunol Cell Biol

Exopolysaccharide from Bacillus subtilis induces anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages that prevent T cell-mediated disease

Current and emerging treatments for vitiligo

Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis

Nat Methods

An update on vitiligo pathogenesis

The role of dermal fibroblasts in autoimmune skin diseases

Human type 1 and type 2 conventional dendritic cells express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 with functional effects on T cell priming

Eur J Immunol

Bacillus subtilis exopolysaccharide prevents allergic eosinophilia

Allergy

Autoimmune destruction of skin melanocytes by perilesional T cells from vitiligo patients

Local immune response in skin of generalized vitiligo patients. Destruction of melanocytes is associated with the prominent presence of CLA+ T cells at the perilesional site

Lab Invest

Immunopolarization of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to type-1-like is associated with melanocyte loss in human vitiligo

Alterations of gut microbiota and gut metabolites in the young-adult vitiligo patients

Immunogenic molecules associated with gut bacterial cell walls: chemical structures, immune-modulating functions, and mechanisms

Protein Cell

Mechanism of TLR4-mediated anti-inflammatory response induced by exopolysaccharide from the probiotic Bacillus subtilis

Safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation for autoimmune diseases and autoinflammatory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Comprehensive analysis of cell population dynamics and related core genes during vitiligo development

Front Genet

An exopolysaccharide from Bacillus subtilis alleviates airway inflammatory responses via the NF-κB and STAT6 pathways in asthmatic mice

Biosci Rep

Vitiligo has a complex multifactorial etiology involving a T-cell-mediated autoimmune response to cutaneous melanocytes. Microbial dysbiosis has been assigned a contributing role in vitiligo etiology. Treating vitiligo can be a challenging task, and finding novel treatment approaches is crucial. In this study, we tested exopolysaccharides (EPSs) isolated from Bacillus subtilis as a microbiome-based therapy. Vitiligo-prone h3TA2 mice were treated by weekly intraperitoneal EPS injection for 18 weeks. Depigmentation was evaluated over time, measuring immune responses at end point. EPS treatment significantly limited the rate of depigmentation. The abundance of cutaneous T cells, specifically CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, was reduced, whereas regulatory T cells were more abundant in the skin of treated mice than in untreated mice. Moreover, EPS treatment was associated with increased numbers of splenic M2 macrophages, elevated splenic indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression, and a systemic cytokine shift toward a type 2 pattern of cytokines. Importantly, splenocytes retrieved from EPS-treated mice were less responsive to cognate tyrosinase peptide, as demonstrated by limited release of IFN-γ and other inflammatory cytokines. In summary, EPS isolated from Bsubtilis interfered with T-cell-mediated depigmentation in the h3TA2 mouse model of vitiligo, suggesting that Bsubtilis EPS could serve as a novel treatment entity for vitiligo.

Bacillus Subtilis-Derived Exopolysaccharide Halts Depigmentation and Autoimmunity in Vitiligo.

Bacillus Subtilis–Derived Exopolysaccharide Halts Depigmentation and Autoimmunity in Vitiligo

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