2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T7f4,Several widely used drugs have photosensitizing properties, and much research has been conducted to find associations between their use and the risk of developing cutaneous malignant melanoma (cM), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), often with conflicting results. To assess whether the use of commonly prescribed photosensitizing drugs increases skin cancer risk. Analyses were performed using a large cohort of women, with prospectively collected information on phenotypic traits and sun exposure. Comprehensive information on pharmaceutical treatments and skin cancer occurrence was obtained through national registries. Drugs with photosensitizing properties were grouped according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical system in nine groups, and associations between the use of such drugs were investigated using multivariable Cox regression analysis. The number of retrieved daily doses was analyzed to test the dose-response relationship. Hormone replacement therapy significantly increased the risk of BCC (hazard ratio [HR] 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-1.39), cSCC (HR 1.23; 95% CI: 1.03-1.47) and cM (HR 1.31; 95% CI: 1.01-1.69), with estrogen driving this risk. There was a trend of increased risk of BCC and cM with higher doses of estrogen treatment. Subgroup analysis among those using diuretics showed that loop diuretics were associated with increased cSCC risk (HR 1.6; 95% CI: 1.3-2.0), including a positive association between risk and dose. Furthermore, increased risks of BCC (HR 1.25; 95% CI: 1.09-1.44) and cM (HR 1.41; 95% CI: 1.03-1.93) were associated with thiazide use. NSAIDs showed a possible curvilinear association to BCC and cSCC. Estrogen treatment increased the risk of all investigated skin cancers. Among those using diuretics, loop diuretics increased the risk of cSCC, and thiazide use increased the risk of BCC. We suggest that physicians should advise female patients prescribed estrogen, thiazides, or loop diuretics to limit their sun exposure.31:T986,ABSTRACTBackgroundSeveral widely used drugs have photosensitizing properties, and much research has been conducted to find associations between their use and the risk of developing cutaneous malignant melanoma (cM), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), often with conflicting results.ObjectiveTo assess whether the use of commonly prescribed photosensitizing drugs increases skin cancer risk.MethodsAnalyses were performed using a large cohort of women, with prospectively collected information on phenotypic traits and sun exposure. Comprehensive information on pharmaceutical treatments and skin cancer occurrence was obtained through national registries. Drugs with photosensitizing properties were grouped according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical system in nine groups, and associations between the use of such drugs were investigated using multivariable Cox regression analysis. The number of retrieved daily doses was analyzed to test the dose–response relationship.ResultsHormone replacement therapy significantly increased the risk of BCC (hazard ratio [HR] 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11–1.39), cSCC (HR 1.23; 95% CI: 1.03–1.47) and cM (HR 1.31; 95% CI: 1.01–1.69), with estrogen driving this risk. There was a trend of increased risk of BCC and cM with higher doses of estrogen treatment. Subgroup analysis among those using diuretics showed that loop diuretics were associated with increased cSCC risk (HR 1.6; 95% CI: 1.3–2.0), including a positive association between risk and dose. Furthermore, increased risks of BCC (HR 1.25; 95% CI: 1.09–1.44) and cM (HR 1.41; 95% CI: 1.03–1.93) were associated with thiazide use. NSAIDs showed a possible curvilinear association to BCC and cSCC.ConclusionsEstrogen treatment increased the risk of all investigated skin cancers. Among those using diuretics, loop diuretics increased the risk of cSCC, and thiazide use increased the risk of BCC. We suggest that physicians should advise female patients prescribed estrogen, thiazides, or loop diuretics to limit their sun exposure.25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Thiazide Diuretic: modality Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Thiazide Diuretic (modality). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. Updated daily.\",\"url\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/modality/Thiazide%20Diuretic\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research Hub\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Modalities\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/modality\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Thiazide Diuretic\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/modality/Thiazide%20Diuretic\"}]}}"}}]],["$","$L2f",null,{"title":"Thiazide Diuretic: Research & Clinical Takeaways","description":"Review evidence by treatment modality: Thiazide Diuretic — concise summaries and practical next steps.","papers":[{"doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","pmid":"42549818","title":"Development of a nomogram for predicting hyperkalemia in advanced chronic kidney disease","journal_title":"Renal Failure","journal_issn":"0886-022X","published_at":"2026-08-04T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","source_score":28,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-07T13:23:04.684Z","updated_at":"2026-08-07T13:23:04.684Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","tag_type":"category","value":"Urology & Nephrology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","tag_type":"condition","value":"Chronic Kidney Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hyperkalemia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","tag_type":"modality","value":"Prediction Model / Nomogram","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","tag_type":"modality","value":"Thiazide Diuretic","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=395","value_numeric":395},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","tag_type":"warning","value":"Follow-up duration was up to 2.2 years but the median or mean follow-up was not reported in the abstract, limiting interpretation of event rates over time.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","tag_type":"warning","value":"Obesity was listed as protective against hyperkalemia risk, which is counterintuitive; clinicians should note this may reflect residual confounding or a specific characteristic of the study population.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1080/0886022x.2026.2709935","tag_type":"warning","value":"The impact_flag 'practice_changing' reflects the novelty of sex-specific validated nomograms for this population, but should be interpreted cautiously given the single-center, retrospective design and lack of external validation.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Retrospective cohort study of 395 outpatients with CKD stages 4–5 (baseline serum potassium within normal range) followed up to 2.2 years, evaluating predictors of hyperkalemia and developing sex-stratified nomograms using LASSO-selected logistic regression.","key_result":"76% of patients (303/395) developed hyperkalemia. Higher creatinine, calcium, and age increased risk; higher sodium, hemoglobin, obesity, and thiazide use were protective. Men had 49% lower odds than women (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.28–0.92). Sex-specific nomograms achieved AUROCs of 0.78 (men) and 0.81 (women), with negative predictive values >95%.","limitations":"Single-center retrospective design limits generalizability; internal validation only (no external validation cohort); relatively small sample size (n=395) may affect model stability.","practice_takeaway":"Use the sex-specific nomogram to identify low-risk advanced CKD patients who may safely need less intensive potassium monitoring. Thiazide use and higher hemoglobin/sodium levels were associated with lower hyperkalemia risk and may inform medication and monitoring decisions."}},{"doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","pmid":"42449179","title":"The kidney distal tubule potassium switch, modern diet and hypertension","journal_title":"Nature Reviews Nephrology","journal_issn":"1759-5061","published_at":"2026-07-14T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","source_score":10,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-18T13:39:48.135Z","updated_at":"2026-07-18T13:39:48.135Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"category","value":"Urology & Nephrology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"condition","value":"Chronic Kidney Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hypertension","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"condition","value":"Salt-Sensitive Hypertension","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"generic","value":"hydrochlorothiazide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"generic","value":"potassium chloride","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"5","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"modality","value":"Potassium Supplementation","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"modality","value":"Thiazide Diuretic","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Narrative Review","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"warning","value":"No sample size tag was applied as this is a review article without a primary study population.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"warning","value":"The 'impact_flag' of practice_changing reflects the conceptual reframing of dietary potassium as equally important as sodium in hypertension management, supported by cited trials (e.g., SSaSS), but this review itself does not present primary trial data.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1038/s41581-026-01099-5","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a narrative review, not a systematic review or meta-analysis; the level of evidence rating (5) reflects expert opinion and mechanistic synthesis rather than a formal evidence hierarchy assessment.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This review examines the 'potassium switch' — a Kir4.1/Kir5.1 sensing mechanism coupled to a WNK kinase phosphorylation cascade and the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride co-transporter (NCC) — in the kidney distal convoluted tubule, and how low dietary potassium in modern high-sodium diets drives this pathway to cause salt-sensitive hypertension.","key_result":"The potassium switch activates NCC (increasing sodium reabsorption) when plasma K⁺ falls below ~4 mM and inhibits NCC when K⁺ rises above ~4 mM. Low potassium intake — common in ultra-processed diets — chronically engages this pathway to conserve potassium at the cost of sodium retention and elevated blood pressure, while adequate dietary potassium suppresses NCC and promotes natriuresis.","limitations":"- This is a narrative review; no new clinical trial data are presented, so causality in humans is inferred from mechanistic and animal studies.\n- Most mechanistic evidence comes from rodent models, which may not fully translate to human physiology.\n- The relative contribution of the potassium switch versus other antihypertensive mechanisms of dietary potassium (e.g., vascular effects) is not quantified.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians should consider low dietary potassium — not just high salt intake — as a key driver of salt-sensitive hypertension; strategies such as potassium-enriched salt substitutes or increased fruit and vegetable intake that simultaneously raise potassium and lower sodium may suppress NCC activity and reduce blood pressure. Thiazide diuretics directly target this pathway and may be especially effective in patients with low dietary potassium."}},{"doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","pmid":"42333948","title":"The Use of Outpatient Diuretics Does Not Impact Somatic Growth in Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","journal_title":"Pediatric Pulmonology","journal_issn":"8755-6863","published_at":"2026-06-23T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.71712","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-06-27T13:27:38.259Z","updated_at":"2026-06-27T13:27:38.259Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"age_group","value":"infant","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"category","value":"Respiratory System","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"condition","value":"Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"condition","value":"Preterm Birth","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"confirms_prior","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"modality","value":"Loop Diuretic","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"modality","value":"Potassium-Sparing Diuretic","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"modality","value":"Thiazide Diuretic","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=829","value_numeric":829},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"warning","value":"Specific diuretic agents (e.g., furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, spironolactone) are discussed in general terms but individual drug-level growth data are not reported — brand and generic tags were omitted accordingly.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"warning","value":"The unadjusted analysis showed a statistically significant difference in weight z-score improvement favoring the no-diuretic group (0.97 vs. 0.64, p<0.001), but this became non-significant after adjustment — readers should note the confounding by disease severity.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/ppul.71712","tag_type":"warning","value":"This is a letter-format publication, which may limit the depth of methods and data reporting compared to a full original article.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This retrospective cohort study examined whether outpatient diuretic use affects somatic growth (weight z-scores) in 829 infants with BPD (born ≤32 weeks gestation) seen at two tertiary BPD clinics between 2008–2023, comparing weight z-scores before and after diuretic discontinuation (median age ~9.23 months) between diuretic-treated (n=459) and untreated (n=370) groups.","key_result":"After adjusting for gestational age, birth weight, BPD severity, pulmonary hypertension, and gastrostomy tube, outpatient diuretic use was **not** associated with a significant difference in weight z-scores before or after discontinuation. Children not on diuretics had a greater improvement in weight z-score (0.97 vs. 0.64, p<0.001), but this difference disappeared on adjusted, site-clustered analysis.","limitations":"- Retrospective design with no granular data on diuretic dose, duration, or adherence; discharge weight z-scores were unavailable, limiting trajectory analysis during active diuretic exposure.\n- Detailed nutritional data (caloric density, fortification) not captured — residual confounding by nutrition possible.\n- Cohort drawn from two tertiary BPD centers enriched for severe disease, limiting generalizability to milder BPD; 15-year enrollment window introduces risk of temporal confounding from evolving care practices.","practice_takeaway":"Outpatient diuretic therapy does not appear to impair weight gain in infants with BPD — clinicians need not discontinue diuretics based on growth concerns alone. An individualized approach guided by respiratory status, with close weight monitoring and gradual weaning as the child outgrows the dose, remains reasonable practice."}},{"doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","pmid":"42207501","title":"Adverse Effects and Treatment Discontinuation of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Combinations","journal_title":"JAMA","journal_issn":"0098-7484","published_at":"2026-05-28T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13220152/","source_score":146,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-04T13:26:18.751Z","updated_at":"2026-07-04T13:26:18.751Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"category","value":"Medicine, General & Internal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hypertension","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"1","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"modality","value":"ACE Inhibitor","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"modality","value":"Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"modality","value":"Beta-Blocker","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"modality","value":"Calcium Channel Blocker","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"modality","value":"Thiazide Diuretic","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=159362","value_numeric":159362},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"warning","value":"Impact flag 'practice_changing' applied because ARB-based regimens showing fewer discontinuations than placebo is a clinically striking and counterintuitive finding published in a high-impact journal, but clinicians should note the short follow-up caveat.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"warning","value":"Network meta-analysis relies on indirect comparisons and underlying statistical assumptions — individual patient-level variation is not captured.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jama.2026.6214","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study spans short-term trials only (4–26 weeks; mean 8.6 weeks); long-term tolerability profiles may differ substantially.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This network meta-analysis of 716 double-blind RCTs (n=159,362; mean follow-up 8.6 weeks) evaluated adverse effects and treatment discontinuation due to adverse events (AEs) across 5 major BP-lowering drug classes — ACE inhibitors, ARBs, β-blockers, CCBs, thiazide/thiazide-like diuretics — and their combinations vs. placebo.","key_result":"CCBs (OR 1.43), ACE inhibitor + CCB (OR 1.46), and β-blocker + thiazide (OR 1.58) significantly increased discontinuation due to AEs vs. placebo. ARB monotherapy (OR 0.73; RD −0.8%) and ARB + CCB (OR 0.61; RD −1.2%) had significantly *fewer* discontinuations than placebo. All regimens increased dizziness; all except CCBs reduced headache vs. placebo.","limitations":"Follow-up was short (mean 8.6 weeks), limiting applicability to long-term tolerability. Results are trial-level and rely on network meta-analysis assumptions, which may not reflect individual patient experience. The study population (mean age 54.6 years, baseline BP 158/100 mmHg) may not represent all hypertensive patients.","practice_takeaway":"ARB-based regimens — especially ARB + CCB — are the best-tolerated options and may even reduce net symptom burden compared to placebo, making them strong candidates when tolerability drives treatment choice. CCB monotherapy and β-blocker + thiazide combinations carry the highest risk of AE-driven discontinuation and should be used with that trade-off in mind."}},{"doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000005042","pmid":"41894644","title":"Baseline Urinary Calcium and the Efficacy of Thiazide Diuretics for Kidney Stone Prevention","journal_title":"Journal of Urology","journal_issn":"0022-5347","published_at":"2026-03-27T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41894644/","source_score":8,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-07-17T13:24:18.982Z","updated_at":"2026-07-17T13:24:18.982Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000005042","tag_type":"age_group","value":"older_adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000005042","tag_type":"category","value":"Urology & Nephrology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000005042","tag_type":"condition","value":"Hypercalciuria","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000005042","tag_type":"condition","value":"Kidney Stone Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000005042","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000005042","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000005042","tag_type":"modality","value":"Thiazide Diuretic","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000005042","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=634","value_numeric":634},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000005042","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000005042","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000005042","tag_type":"warning","value":"Specific thiazide agents and doses are not individually enumerated in the abstract; 'thiazide diuretic' is used as a class, which may mask heterogeneity between agents (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide vs. chlorthalidone).","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000005042","tag_type":"warning","value":"The clinical stone event analysis is based on adjusted cumulative incidences; the treated and untreated cohorts were not randomized, so residual confounding is possible.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1097/ju.0000000000005042","tag_type":"warning","value":"The cohort is limited to Medicare beneficiaries aged >18 years, which skews toward older adults and may not represent younger stone formers. Generalizability should be interpreted with caution.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Among 634 Medicare beneficiaries with kidney stone disease who had 24-hour urine collections (2011–2018) and were newly prescribed a thiazide diuretic, this study examined whether baseline urinary calcium level predicts the degree of urine calcium reduction with thiazides, and whether baseline calcium affects clinical stone event rates in treated vs. untreated cohorts.","key_result":"Higher baseline urine calcium was associated with greater absolute and percentage reductions in 24-hour urine calcium after thiazide therapy (Ptrend < 0.001 for both); higher thiazide dose also produced larger reductions. In untreated individuals, higher baseline urine calcium was linked to higher cumulative stone event incidence (Ptrend < 0.001), but no significant difference in stone event incidence across baseline calcium groups was seen among thiazide-treated patients.","limitations":"Observational design limits causal inference; the cohort was restricted to Medicare beneficiaries, limiting generalizability to younger or uninsured populations; no randomization to thiazide dose or baseline calcium group was performed.","practice_takeaway":"Patients with higher baseline urinary calcium are likely to get the largest urine calcium reduction from thiazide diuretics — consider prioritizing or up-titrating thiazide dose in this group. Measuring baseline 24-hour urine calcium before starting treatment can help individualize dosing for kidney stone prevention."}},{"doi":"10.1111/phpp.70013","pmid":"40102189","title":"Photosensitizing Drugs and Risk of Skin Cancer in Women—A Prospective Population‐Based Study","journal_title":"Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine","journal_issn":"0905-4383","published_at":"2025-03-19T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/phpp.70013","source_score":64,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2025-04-07","doi":"10.1111/phpp.70013","days":"30","issn":"0905-4383","rank":"5","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"64","category":"Dermatology","categories":["Dermatology"],"_categories":["Dermatology"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1111/phpp.70013","title":"Photosensitizing Drugs and Risk of Skin Cancer in Women-A Prospective Population-Based Study.","journal":"Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine","methods":"","results":"Hormone replacement therapy significantly increased the risk of BCC (hazard ratio [HR] 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-1.39), cSCC (HR 1.23; 95% CI: 1.03-1.47) and cM (HR 1.31; 95% CI: 1.01-1.69), with estrogen driving this risk. There was a trend of increased risk of BCC and cM with higher doses of estrogen treatment. Subgroup analysis among those using diuretics showed that loop diuretics were associated with increased cSCC risk (HR 1.6; 95% CI: 1.3-2.0), including a positive association between risk and dose. Furthermore, increased risks of BCC (HR 1.25; 95% CI: 1.09-1.44) and cM (HR 1.41; 95% CI: 1.03-1.93) were associated with thiazide use. 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Diuretic","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/phpp.70013","tag_type":"sex","value":"female","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/phpp.70013","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Prospective Cohort","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/phpp.70013","tag_type":"warning","value":"Cohort size and follow-up duration are not provided here.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/phpp.70013","tag_type":"warning","value":"Findings are limited to women and may not generalize to men.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/phpp.70013","tag_type":"warning","value":"Only hazard ratios are reported; absolute risks are not given.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/phpp.70013","tag_type":"warning","value":"Results for diuretics are from subgroup analyses.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/phpp.70013","tag_type":"warning","value":"The NSAID finding is described as a possible curvilinear association without specific dose details.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A prospective, population-based cohort of women examined whether use of commonly prescribed photosensitizing drugs (grouped by ATC) is associated with risk of basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and cutaneous melanoma using multivariable Cox models; dose-response was assessed via defined daily doses.","key_result":"Estrogen-containing hormone therapy increased risk of BCC (HR 1.24; 95% CI 1.11-1.39), cSCC (HR 1.23; 95% CI 1.03-1.47), and melanoma (HR 1.31; 95% CI 1.01-1.69), with higher estrogen doses linked to higher BCC and melanoma risk. Among diuretic users, loop diuretics increased cSCC risk (HR 1.6; 95% CI 1.3-2.0) with a dose relation, thiazides increased BCC (HR 1.25; 95% CI 1.09-1.44) and melanoma (HR 1.41; 95% CI 1.03-1.93), and NSAIDs showed a possible curvilinear association with BCC and cSCC.","practice_takeaway":"Counsel women prescribed estrogen therapy, thiazides, or loop diuretics to limit sun exposure and practice photoprotection, given observed increases in skin cancer risk."}}],"initialOffset":6,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"modality","value":"Thiazide Diuretic"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Modalities","href":"/hub/tag/modality"},{"name":"Thiazide Diuretic"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"modality","hub_tag_value":"Thiazide Diuretic"}}}]]

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