2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T9f0,Infants are most vulnerable to child maltreatment, in part due to poverty during the perinatal period. In 2024, the prenatal and infant cash prescription program Rx Kids was launched in Flint, Michigan, achieving nearly 100% aggregate uptake and providing every expectant mother with unconditional cash transfers during pregnancy and infancy. To examine whether implementation of the Rx Kids prenatal and infant cash prescription program was associated with changes in child welfare system involvement. This cross-sectional study used administrative data from Children's Protective Services in Michigan among infants born January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2024. Synthetic difference-in-differences-a robust method for aggregate-level data and a single treated city-was used to compare changes in outcomes in Flint before and after implementation of Rx Kids relative to the corresponding change in control cities without the program. Data analysis was conducted from March 19, 2025, to March 4, 2026. Flint residence among infants born in 2024 after Rx Kids implementation. The primary outcome was investigated maltreatment allegations within the first 6 months of life. Secondary outcomes included type of allegation (neglect vs nonneglect) and substantiated allegations. In the 3 years prior to the implementation of Rx Kids, the proportion of infants with an investigated allegation within the first 6 months of life was 21.7% (646 of 2971 infants) in Flint and 19.5% (3921 of 20 124 infants) among control cities. After implementation of Rx Kids in 2024, the investigated allegation rate decreased to 15.5% (165 of 1065 infants) in Flint, falling below the investigated allegation rate of 20.6% (1303 of 6317 infants) among the control cities. Rx Kids was associated with a statistically significant 7.0-percentage-point decrease (95% CI, -12.9 to -1.0; P = .02) in the investigated allegation rate, corresponding to a 32% decrease relative to the preintervention period. There was a decrease in the rate of neglect-related, nonneglect-related, and substantiated allegations; these were directionally consistent with the primary outcome but not statistically significant. Results were robust to alternative model specifications. In this study, the Rx Kids prenatal and infant cash prescription program was associated with a significant reduction in investigated allegations of maltreatment among infants. These findings provide important evidence about the role of economic stability in preventing child welfare system involvement.31:Tf50, Importance Infants are most vulnerable to child maltreatment, in part due to poverty during the perinatal period. In 2024, the prenatal and infant cash prescription program Rx Kids was launched in Flint, Michigan, achieving nearly 100% aggregate uptake and providing every expectant mother with unconditional cash transfers during pregnancy and infancy. Objective To examine whether implementation of the Rx Kids prenatal and infant cash prescription program was associated with changes in child welfare system involvement. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used administrative data from Children’s Protective Services in Michigan among infants born January 1, 2021, through December 31, 2024. Synthetic difference-in-differences—a robust method for aggregate-level data and a single treated city—was used to compare changes in outcomes in Flint before and after implementation of Rx Kids relative to the corresponding change in control cities without the program. Data analysis was conducted from March 19, 2025, to March 4, 2026. Exposure Flint residence among infants born in 2024 after Rx Kids implementation. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was investigated maltreatment allegations within the first 6 months of life. Secondary outcomes included type of allegation (neglect vs nonneglect) and substantiated allegations. Results In the 3 years prior to the implementation of Rx Kids, the proportion of infants with an investigated allegation within the first 6 months of life was 21.7% (646 of 2971 infants) in Flint and 19.5% (3921 of 20 124 infants) among control cities. After implementation of Rx Kids in 2024, the investigated allegation rate decreased to 15.5% (165 of 1065 infants) in Flint, falling below the investigated allegation rate of 20.6% (1303 of 6317 infants) among the control cities. Rx Kids was associated with a statistically significant 7.0–percentage-point decrease (95% CI, −12.9 to −1.0; P = .02) in the investigated allegation rate, corresponding to a 32% decrease relative to the preintervention period. There was a decrease in the rate of neglect-related, nonneglect-related, and substantiated allegations; these were directionally consistent with the primary outcome but not statistically significant. Results were robust to alternative model specifications. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, the Rx Kids prenatal and infant cash prescription program was associated with a significant reduction in investigated allegations of maltreatment among infants. These findings provide important evidence about the role of economic stability in preventing child welfare system involvement. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Unconditional Cash Transfer: modality Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Unconditional Cash Transfer (modality). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. 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No significant effect was found for children's Epigenetic-g, and no effects were detected in mothers for either index.","limitations":"- Salivary DNA methylation may not fully reflect tissue-level epigenetic changes relevant to health outcomes.\n- Whether the epigenetic effect persists beyond age 4 or translates into measurable health or cognitive benefits is unknown.\n- One baseline characteristic (race/ethnicity: \"other or unknown\") showed imbalance between groups (P=0.00), raising a minor randomization concern.","practice_takeaway":"Early, sustained unconditional cash support to low-income families may slow biological aging at the epigenetic level in young children—adding biological plausibility to the case for income-support policies targeting families with infants and toddlers. 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After implementation of Rx Kids in 2024, the investigated allegation rate decreased to 15.5% (165 of 1065 infants) in Flint, falling below the investigated allegation rate of 20.6% (1303 of 6317 infants) among the control cities. Rx Kids was associated with a statistically significant 7.0-percentage-point decrease (95% CI, -12.9 to -1.0; P = .02) in the investigated allegation rate, corresponding to a 32% decrease relative to the preintervention period. There was a decrease in the rate of neglect-related, nonneglect-related, and substantiated allegations; these were directionally consistent with the primary outcome but not statistically significant. 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Perinatal cash transfers and birth outcomes: a population-based, quasi-experimental study of the Rx Kids unconditional cash prescription during pregnancy and infancy.? SSRN. Preprint posted September 10, 2025. doi:10.2139/ssrn.5459276","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":"10.2139/ssrn.3592088","key":"poi260025r57","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Hollingsworth? A, Wing? C. Tactics for design and inference in synthetic control studies: an applied example using high-dimensional data.? SSRN. Preprint posted June 1, 2020. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3592088","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"},{"DOI":null,"key":"poi260025r58","year":null,"issue":null,"author":null,"volume":null,"first-page":null,"unstructured":"Abadie? A, Vives-i-Bastida? J. Synthetic controls in action.? arXiv. 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Preprint posted July 16, 2025. doi:10.31234/osf.io/86pgq_v1","article-title":null,"journal-title":null,"doi-asserted-by":"crossref"}],"short-title":[],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"original-title":[],"container-title":["JAMA Pediatrics"],"reference-count":72,"published-online":{"date-time":null,"timestamp":null,"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"references-count":72,"short-container-title":["JAMA Pediatr"],"is-referenced-by-count":0},"unpaywall":{"doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","is_oa":true,"title":"Cash Transfers in the Perinatal Period and Investigations of Infant Maltreatment","updated":"2026-05-12T08:54:10+00:00","published_date":"2026-05-07","best_oa_location":{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","pmh_id":null,"url_for_pdf":null,"url_for_landing_page":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602"}}},"created_at":"2026-05-12T13:18:05.547Z","updated_at":"2026-05-14T15:13:26.918Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"age_group","value":"infant","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"brand","value":"Rx Kids","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"category","value":"Pediatrics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"condition","value":"Child Maltreatment","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"condition","value":"Child Neglect","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"practice_changing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"modality","value":"Unconditional Cash Transfer","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=31477","value_numeric":31477},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Quasi-Experimental Study (Synthetic Difference-in-Differences)","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sample size (n=31,477) is estimated by summing all infant counts reported across Flint and control cities for the full study period; exact total N is not explicitly stated in the abstract.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"warning","value":"Secondary outcomes (neglect, non-neglect, substantiated allegations) were directionally consistent but did not reach statistical significance — clinical interpretation should focus on the primary outcome.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"warning","value":"The program also coincided with a statistically significant increase in births in Flint in early 2024; authors argue compositional birth changes do not explain findings, but this remains a potential confounder.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.1602","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study design is cross-sectional with a single treated city, which limits causal inference despite use of synthetic difference-in-differences. The 'practice_changing' flag reflects the novelty and size of the effect but should be interpreted cautiously pending replication in other settings.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This cross-sectional study used synthetic difference-in-differences to evaluate whether Rx Kids — an unconditional prenatal and infant cash transfer program launched in Flint, Michigan in 2024 — was associated with changes in investigated child maltreatment allegations among infants in the first 6 months of life, compared to 21 matched control cities over 2021–2024.","key_result":"Rx Kids was associated with a statistically significant **7.0-percentage-point decrease** (95% CI, −12.9 to −1.0; P = .02) in investigated maltreatment allegations — a **32% relative reduction** — dropping Flint's rate from 21.7% pre-implementation to 15.5% post-implementation, below the control cities' rate of 20.6%. Neglect, non-neglect, and substantiated allegation rates all trended down but did not reach statistical significance.","limitations":"- Single treated city (Flint) limits generalizability and statistical power for secondary outcomes.\n- Cross-sectional design cannot fully rule out confounding; compositional birth changes were tested but not entirely excluded.\n- Short pre-intervention panel (3 years) constrained use of the synthetic control method, requiring reliance on synthetic difference-in-differences.","practice_takeaway":"Unconditional cash transfers to expectant mothers in a high-poverty urban setting were linked to a one-third drop in investigated infant maltreatment — suggesting economic support in the perinatal period may be a meaningful child welfare prevention tool. Clinicians advocating for at-risk families should be aware that income support programs like Rx Kids may reduce CPS involvement."}},{"doi":"10.1037/fam0001471","pmid":"42043413","title":"Quasi-experimental impacts of unconditional prenatal and infant cash transfers on postpartum parenting stress.","journal_title":"Journal of Family Psychology","journal_issn":"1939-1293","published_at":"2026-04-27T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001471","source_score":25,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"ooir":{"day":"2026-05-03","doi":"10.1037/fam0001471","days":"14","issn":"0893-3200","rank":"6","field":"Clinical Medicine","score":"25","category":"Psychology, Clinical","categories":["Psychology, Clinical"],"_categories":["Psychology, Clinical"]},"pubmed":{"doi":"10.1037/fam0001471","title":"Quasi-experimental impacts of unconditional prenatal and infant cash transfers on postpartum parenting stress.","journal":"Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43)","methods":"","results":"","abstract":"Rx Kids, launched in Flint, Michigan, in January 2024, is the United States' first community-wide unconditional cash transfer program for expectant mothers and infants. The program offers all expectant mothers in the City of Flint a lump sum $1,500 during mid-pregnancy and $500 monthly for 12 months postnatally. The present study examined whether the Rx Kids program was associated with differences in parenting stress during the postpartum months. Using structural equation modeling in a sample of ","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"42043413","conclusions":"","publication_date":"2026-04-27T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1037/fam0001471","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0001471","ISSN":["1939-1293","0893-3200"],"link":[{"URL":"https://psycnet.apa.org/psycarticles/2027-60925-001.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["Quasi-experimental impacts of unconditional prenatal and infant cash transfers on postpartum parenting stress."],"author":[{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Finegood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H. Luke","family":"Shaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yasamean","family":"Zamani-Hank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"LaChance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Wolock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Crystal L.","family":"Cederna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"funder":[{"id":[{"id":"10.13039/100007746","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"DOI":"10.13039/100007746","name":"W.K. 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generalizability to other urban or rural low-income populations is uncertain.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1037/fam0001471","tag_type":"warning","value":"The 'practice_changing' impact flag reflects the novelty of community-wide cash transfer evidence on parenting stress, but replication in other settings is needed before broad policy adoption.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1037/fam0001471","tag_type":"warning","value":"The quasi-experimental birth-timing design (2024 vs. 2023 cohorts) limits causal inference; unmeasured temporal confounders cannot be fully excluded.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This quasi-experimental study examined whether the Rx Kids unconditional cash transfer program (a $1,500 prenatal lump sum + $500/month for 12 postnatal months) was associated with reduced postpartum parenting stress among mothers in Flint, Michigan, comparing eligible mothers (newborns born in 2024, n=954) to non-eligible mothers (newborns born in 2023) and a non-Flint control group.","key_result":"Flint mothers eligible for Rx Kids reported parenting stress **0.36 SD lower** than non-eligible Flint mothers; this birth-year difference was not seen among non-Flint mothers from the surrounding area, supporting a program effect.","limitations":"- Birth-timing design cannot fully rule out secular trends or other 2023-vs-2024 differences unrelated to the program.\n- Self-selected enrollment may introduce participation bias among eligible mothers.\n- Study is limited to one low-income urban setting (Flint, MI), limiting generalizability.","practice_takeaway":"Unconditional prenatal and infant cash transfers may meaningfully reduce postpartum parenting stress. Clinicians working with low-income expectant mothers should be aware of and refer families to similar community cash transfer programs when available."}}],"initialOffset":3,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"modality","value":"Unconditional Cash Transfer"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Modalities","href":"/hub/tag/modality"},{"name":"Unconditional Cash Transfer"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"modality","hub_tag_value":"Unconditional Cash Transfer"}}}]]

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