2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T704,Individuals with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) are at risk for worse acute and post-acute COVID-19 outcomes, though whether individuals with SARDs have longer persistence of viral antigens after COVID-19 has not been studied. This retrospective cohort study evaluated post-COVID-19 differences in SARS-CoV-2 antigen (spike, S1, and nucleocapsid) positivity between individuals with SARDs (RheumCARD) and without SARDs (RECOVER-Adult). SARS-CoV-2 antigens were measured in collected samples using a validated ultra-sensitive single molecule array. This digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used antibody-coated magnetic beads to capture antigen molecules, which were loaded into microwell arrays and detected through enzymatic cleavage of a fluorescent substrate. We used logistic regression to estimate unadjusted and adjusted (for age, sex, infection year, vaccination status, and COVID-19 treatment) odds ratios for SARS-CoV-2 antigen positivity at months 3 and 6 following COVID-19. Among 210 individuals with SARDs in RheumCARD and 348 individuals without SARDs in RECOVER-Adult, any SARS-CoV-2 antigen positivity was more common in those with SARDs (36.7% in RheumCARD vs. 18.9% in RECOVER-Adult; p<0.001). Those with SARDs had higher odds of nucleocapsid antigen positivity (adjusted OR 3.73, 95% CI: 1.28-10.85) or any antigen positivity (adjusted OR 2.89, 95% CI: 1.43-5.85) 3 months after COVID-19 infection and higher odds of nucleocapsid antigen positivity (adjusted OR 6.62, 95% CI: 1.09-40.30) 6 months after COVID-19 infection. Individuals with SARDs were more likely to have SARS-CoV-2 antigen positivity at months 3 and 6 following COVID-19 infection compared with individuals without SARDs, not explained by demographics, variant, vaccination, or treatment.31:T989, Background Individuals with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) are at risk for worse acute and post‐acute COVID‐19 outcomes, though whether individuals with SARDs have longer persistence of viral antigens after COVID‐19 has not been studied. Methods This retrospective cohort study evaluated post‐COVID‐19 differences in SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen (spike, S1, and nucleocapsid) positivity between individuals with SARDs (RheumCARD) and without SARDs (RECOVER‐Adult). SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens were measured in collected samples using a validated ultra‐sensitive single molecule array. This digital enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay used antibody‐coated magnetic beads to capture antigen molecules, which were loaded into microwell arrays and detected through enzymatic cleavage of a fluorescent substrate. We used logistic regression to estimate unadjusted and adjusted (for age, sex, infection year, vaccination status, and COVID‐19 treatment) odds ratios for SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen positivity at months 3 and 6 following COVID‐19. Results Among 210 individuals with SARDs in RheumCARD and 348 individuals without SARDs in RECOVER‐Adult, any SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen positivity was more common in those with SARDs (36.7% in RheumCARD vs. 18.9% in RECOVER‐Adult; p<0.001). Those with SARDs had higher odds of nucleocapsid antigen positivity (adjusted OR 3.73, 95% CI: 1.28‐10.85) or any antigen positivity (adjusted OR 2.89, 95% CI: 1.43‐5.85) 3 months after COVID‐19 infection and higher odds of nucleocapsid antigen positivity (adjusted OR 6.62, 95% CI: 1.09‐40.30) 6 months after COVID‐19 infection. Conclusion Individuals with SARDs were more likely to have SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen positivity at months 3 and 6 following COVID‐19 infection compared with individuals without SARDs, not explained by demographics, variant, vaccination, or treatment. 25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"Viral Antigen Testing: modality Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on Viral Antigen Testing (modality). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. 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Those with SARDs had higher odds of nucleocapsid antigen positivity (adjusted OR 3.73, 95% CI: 1.28-10.85) or any antigen positivity (adjusted OR 2.89, 95% CI: 1.43-5.85) 3 months after COVID-19 infection and higher odds of nucleocapsid antigen positivity (adjusted OR 6.62, 95% CI: 1.09-40.30) 6 months after COVID-19 infection.","abstract":"$30","keywords":[],"pubmed_id":"42045807","conclusions":"Individuals with SARDs were more likely to have SARS-CoV-2 antigen positivity at months 3 and 6 following COVID-19 infection compared with individuals without SARDs, not explained by demographics, variant, vaccination, or treatment.","publication_date":"2026-04-28T00:00:00"},"crossref":{"DOI":"10.1002/art.70205","URL":"https://doi.org/10.1002/art.70205","ISSN":["2326-5191","2326-5205"],"link":[{"URL":"https://acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/art.70205","content-type":"application/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https://acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/art.70205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"page":null,"type":"journal-article","issue":null,"score":1,"title":["Differences in SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen persistence in individuals with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases compared to the general population: A RECOVER‐Adult Cohort Study"],"author":[{"given":"Naomi J.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Mass General Brigham Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Rheumatology and Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center Mongan Institute Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Swank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Wyss Institute for Bioinspired Engineering Harvard University Boston MA USA"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology and Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center Mongan Institute Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"}]},{"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Mass General Brigham Boston MA USA"}]},{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"O'Keeffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Mass General Brigham Boston MA USA"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Negron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology and Allergy Clinical Epidemiology Research Center Mongan Institute Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"}]},{"given":"Liya S.","family":"Getachew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Mass General Brigham Boston MA USA"}]},{"given":"Louise L.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Wyss Institute for Bioinspired Engineering Harvard University Boston MA USA"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Mass General Brigham Boston MA USA"}]},{"given":"Alene A.","family":"Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Mass General Brigham Boston MA USA"}]},{"given":"Kevin T.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Mass General Brigham Boston MA USA"}]},{"given":"Natalie A.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Mass General Brigham Boston MA USA"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.M.","family":"Vanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Mass General Brigham Boston MA USA"}]},{"given":"Sandria","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RECOVER Patient Representative New York NY USA"}]},{"given":"Julie S.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RECOVER Community Representative New York NY USA"},{"name":"MaskTogetherAmerica"}]},{"given":"Zachary S.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Mass General Brigham Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Walt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Wyss Institute for Bioinspired Engineering Harvard University Boston MA USA"},{"name":"RECOVER Patient Representative New York NY USA"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Mass General Brigham Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"},{"name":"RECOVER Patient Representative New York NY USA"}]},{"given":null,"family":null,"sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"member":"311","prefix":"10.1002","source":"Crossref","volume":null,"archive":["Portico"],"created":{"date-time":"2026-04-28T03:40:23Z","timestamp":1777347623000,"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"indexed":{"date-time":"2026-05-09T05:09:08Z","timestamp":1778303348863,"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"license":[{"URL":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor","start":{"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000,"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"vor"},{"URL":"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1","start":{"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000,"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"delay-in-days":0,"content-version":"tdm"}],"subject":[],"abstract":"$31","language":"en","relation":{},"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https://acrjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.70205"}},"subtitle":[],"assertion":[{"name":"received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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COVID","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70205","tag_type":"condition","value":"Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70205","tag_type":"generic","value":"SARS-CoV-2 antigen (spike, S1, nucleocapsid)","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70205","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"safety_signal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70205","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"3","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70205","tag_type":"modality","value":"Viral Antigen Testing","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70205","tag_type":"sample_size","value":"n=558","value_numeric":558},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70205","tag_type":"sex","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70205","tag_type":"study_design","value":"Retrospective Cohort Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70205","tag_type":"warning","value":"Specific SARD diagnoses and individual immunosuppressant agents were not reported separately, limiting subgroup applicability.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70205","tag_type":"warning","value":"The 6-month nucleocapsid antigen finding has a very wide confidence interval (aOR 6.62, 95% CI 1.09–40.30), suggesting limited statistical precision due to small event numbers at that timepoint.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1002/art.70205","tag_type":"warning","value":"Two separate cohorts (RheumCARD and RECOVER-Adult) were compared rather than a single unified cohort, which may introduce differences in sample collection protocols or population characteristics not fully adjusted for.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This retrospective cohort study compared SARS-CoV-2 antigen (spike, S1, nucleocapsid) persistence at 3 and 6 months post-COVID-19 between 210 adults with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs; RheumCARD cohort) and 348 adults without SARDs (RECOVER-Adult cohort), using ultra-sensitive single molecule array (Simoa) testing.","key_result":"Any SARS-CoV-2 antigen positivity was nearly twice as common in SARDs vs. non-SARDs (36.7% vs. 18.9%; p<0.001). At 3 months, SARDs patients had higher adjusted odds of any antigen positivity (aOR 2.89, 95% CI 1.43–5.85) and nucleocapsid positivity (aOR 3.73, 95% CI 1.28–10.85); at 6 months, nucleocapsid positivity remained elevated (aOR 6.62, 95% CI 1.09–40.30), independent of age, sex, variant year, vaccination, and treatment.","limitations":"- Retrospective design with two separate cohorts may introduce selection bias and unmeasured confounding (e.g., disease activity, specific immunosuppressant type).\n- Small numbers at 6-month nucleocapsid endpoint yield wide confidence intervals (aOR 6.62, 95% CI 1.09–40.30), limiting precision.\n- Only SARDs as a group were analyzed; subgroup differences by disease type or immunosuppressive regimen were not reported.","practice_takeaway":"Clinicians should be aware that patients with SARDs may harbor detectable SARS-CoV-2 antigens for 6+ months after COVID-19—a potential driver of Long COVID—and this risk is not mitigated by vaccination or standard treatments. Monitoring for post-acute sequelae in this population warrants heightened vigilance."}}],"initialOffset":1,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"modality","value":"Viral Antigen Testing"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Modalities","href":"/hub/tag/modality"},{"name":"Viral Antigen Testing"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"modality","hub_tag_value":"Viral Antigen Testing"}}}]]

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