2f:I[703058,["/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3bhq_5eh1d760.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/1855-ogyi8eh4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2pfsjpn6k6zlg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/26c7v3_3uwnwu.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/25a3ozcrvi1ff.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2r4wx50nvjh_4.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/23fsw06hsi5b1.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/06_yt270h41rg.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/3ezsiz-7shkna.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/20x2y96ldu5wx.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2lxntcm3pd1_h.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00dgco8irq3jw.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/00nwe-kq0rboc.js","/_next/static/immutable/chunks/2051ffx3xzio9.js"],"PaperListPageClient"] 30:T446,Genetic variants associated with complex traits often lie in distal enhancers. While candidate enhancers have been mapped genome wide, their functional state and gene targets in specific cell types remain unclear. Here we present AstroREG, a resource of enhancer-gene interactions in human primary astrocytes, generated by combining CRISPR inhibition (CRISPRi), single-cell RNA-seq and machine learning. By functionally testing nearly 1,000 PsychENCODE enhancers, we identified more than 150 regulatory interactions, revealing enhancers that control key astrocyte functions and genes implicated in Alzheimer's disease. The CRISPRi screen also provided valuable ground-truth data from a primary cell type for training and benchmarking prediction models of enhancer activity. We thus developed EGrf, a random forest (RF) model trained on these data, and applied it genome wide to predict regulatory interactions with high specificity. Together, our data provide a comprehensive functional map of enhancer-mediated regulation in a key glial cell type, shedding light on brain function and disease.31:T48f,Abstract Genetic variants associated with complex traits often lie in distal enhancers. While candidate enhancers have been mapped genome wide, their functional state and gene targets in specific cell types remain unclear. Here we present AstroREG, a resource of enhancer–gene interactions in human primary astrocytes, generated by combining CRISPR inhibition (CRISPRi), single-cell RNA-seq and machine learning. By functionally testing nearly 1,000 PsychENCODE enhancers, we identified more than 150 regulatory interactions, revealing enhancers that control key astrocyte functions and genes implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. The CRISPRi screen also provided valuable ground-truth data from a primary cell type for training and benchmarking prediction models of enhancer activity. We thus developed EGrf, a random forest (RF) model trained on these data, and applied it genome wide to predict regulatory interactions with high specificity. Together, our data provide a comprehensive functional map of enhancer-mediated regulation in a key glial cell type, shedding light on brain function and disease.32:T7b1,Many patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) frequently suffer from both aggressive vascular access stenosis in the venous segment of arteriovenous fistula or arteriovenous graft, and widespread cardiovascular disease (CVD) or peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Despite the magnitude of these clinical problems, the pathogenic role of the uremic state in both of these conditions remains unclear. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we used porcine-derived arterial smooth muscle cells (ApSMCs) and venous smooth muscle cells (VpSMCs) to examine several key aspects of cell behavior in response to uremic serum. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay demonstrated that 30% of uremic serum was able to stimulate the proliferation of both subtypes of cells equally. Cell migration, measured by the scratch assay, showed that uremic serum increased migration of both cells, but was more robust in VpSMCs. Importantly, uremic serum induced phenotypic switching (e.g., dedifferentiation) in both subtypes of cells, as indicated by increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and reduced calponin expression. Intriguingly, we found that several key aspects of this uremia-induced phenotypic switch were stronger in ApSMCs as compared with VpSMCs, including the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as fibronectin, cellular calcification [high expression of RUNX family transcription factor 2 (Runx2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF-4)], and a proinflammatory state [high expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6)]. Our findings suggest that uremia plays an important role in both the aggressive arteriovenous stenosis and CVD/PAD that affect many patients undergoing hemodialysis. This information could contribute to the development of novel uremia-specific therapies for both vascular access dysfunction and CVD/PAD in patients with ESKD.33:T438,H9N2 is currently the second most common avian influenza A virus subtype infecting humans. Monitoring viral phenotypic and genotypic adaptation to humans is crucial for risk assessment. Here, we compared the replication of an H9N2 human isolate collected in 2024 (A/HK/2346/2024) to a human isolate collected in 1999 (A/HK/1073/1999). In Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, A/HK/2346/2024 and A/HK/1073/1999 replicated to 8 and 5 log10 plaque-forming units (PFU) per ml, respectively. In both human nasal and lung organoids, A/HK/2346/2024 replicated to 6 log10 PFU/ml, but A/HK/1073/1999 failed to replicate in either organoid. The infection rates of both ciliated and non-ciliated cells and the ratios of infected 2,6/2,3 cells were higher for A/HK/2346/2024 than A/HK/1073/1999. Apart from the mammalian adaptive substitutions that were present in the nasopharyngeal specimen collected on day 1 post-symptom onset (pso) (HA-D183N/D190 T/Q192R/Q226L; NA-del62-64; PB2-A588V/K702R; PB1-I368V; PA-K356R/S409N; M1-R95K), the mammalian-adaptive substitution PB2-D253N emerged 34:T91c,Small molecules, like panthenol have been shown to penetrate hair. However, their interactions with the protein structures of hair have not been well studied. In this study, the penetration of panthenol into protein structures of hair was confirmed, and NMR methods were utilized to understand the protein-panthenol interaction. This interaction is likely the source of the tensile strength benefits measured with panthenol for hair. Cross-sections of hair treated with deuterium-labelled panthenol were studied using NanoSIMS to visualize the location of panthenol within hair. Solid-state NMR (both Penetration of panthenol into hair was demonstrated, with images indicating specific penetration into cortical protein regions. NMR results from various experiments provided evidence of direct interaction between the N-H of panthenol and protein aromatic side chains. A 'shared' proton was identified between panthenol and hair proteins, indicating spatial proximity and interaction. Break stress and elastic modulus of hair treated with panthenol were higher than those of control hair, suggesting that bonds-likely hydrogen bonds-were formed between panthenol and hair. Panthenol can deliver tensile strength benefits to hair. This benefit is proposed to result from hydrogen bonds formed between panthenol and hair proteins. si l'on sait que de petites molécules comme le panthénol pénètrent dans les cheveux, leurs interactions avec les structures protéiques des cheveux restent cependant peu étudiées. On a ici confirmé la pénétration du panthénol dans les structures protéiques des cheveux et tiré parti de méthodes de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) pour comprendre l'interaction entre les protéines et le panthénol. Cette interaction explique probablement les bénéfices mesurés du panthénol pour les cheveux en termes de résistance à la traction. MÉTHODES: des coupes transversales de cheveux traités avec du panthénol marqué au deutérium ont été étudiées à l'aide d'un NanoSIMS afin de visualiser l'emplacement du panthénol dans les cheveux. La RMN à l'état solide ( le panthénol peut apporter des bénéfices en termes de résistance à la traction des cheveux. Ce bénéfice semble résulter des liaisons hydrogène formées entre le panthénol et les protéines capillaires.35:T7f5,AbstractObjectiveSmall molecules, like panthenol have been shown to penetrate hair. However, their interactions with the protein structures of hair have not been well studied. In this study, the penetration of panthenol into protein structures of hair was confirmed, and NMR methods were utilized to understand the protein–panthenol interaction. This interaction is likely the source of the tensile strength benefits measured with panthenol for hair.MethodsCross‐sections of hair treated with deuterium‐labelled panthenol were studied using NanoSIMS to visualize the location of panthenol within hair. Solid‐state NMR (both 1H–13C and 1H–2H) was employed to measure panthenol interactions inside hair using deuterium‐labelled panthenol. Stress/strain curves—where stress is defined as average force per unit area—were measured for hair treated with and without panthenol to generate tensile strength data.ResultsPenetration of panthenol into hair was demonstrated, with images indicating specific penetration into cortical protein regions. NMR results from various experiments provided evidence of direct interaction between the N–H of panthenol and protein aromatic side chains. A ‘shared’ proton was identified between panthenol and hair proteins, indicating spatial proximity and interaction. Break stress and elastic modulus of hair treated with panthenol were higher than those of control hair, suggesting that bonds—likely hydrogen bonds—were formed between panthenol and hair.ConclusionPanthenol can deliver tensile strength benefits to hair. This benefit is proposed to result from hydrogen bonds formed between panthenol and hair proteins.25:[[["$","script","0",{"type":"application/ld+json","dangerouslySetInnerHTML":{"__html":"{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"CollectionPage\",\"name\":\"In Vitro Study: study design Research & Clinical Takeaways\",\"description\":\"Explore peer-reviewed papers on In Vitro Study (study design). Clinician-written summaries and actionable practice insights. Updated daily.\",\"url\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/study_design/In%20Vitro%20Study\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Research Hub\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Study Designs\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/study_design\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"In Vitro Study\",\"item\":\"https://www.reachrx.ai/hub/tag/study_design/In%20Vitro%20Study\"}]}}"}}]],["$","$L2f",null,{"title":"In Vitro Study: Research & Clinical Takeaways","description":"Browse In Vitro Study research papers with clear, practical takeaways for your clinical practice.","papers":[{"doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2026.111233","pmid":"42697404","title":"Astragalus polysaccharide protects photoreceptors from hypoxic injury via a multi-mechanism network involving mitochondrial stabilization and enhanced autophagy","journal_title":"Experimental Eye Research","journal_issn":"0014-4835","published_at":"2026-09-04T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2026.111233","source_score":3,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-09-08T06:31:56.979Z","updated_at":"2026-09-08T06:31:56.979Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2026.111233","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2026.111233","tag_type":"category","value":"Ophthalmology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2026.111233","tag_type":"condition","value":"Photoreceptor Degeneration","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2026.111233","tag_type":"condition","value":"Retinal Hypoxia","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2026.111233","tag_type":"generic","value":"Astragalus polysaccharide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2026.111233","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2026.111233","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"6","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2026.111233","tag_type":"modality","value":"Polysaccharide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2026.111233","tag_type":"study_design","value":"In Vitro Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2026.111233","tag_type":"warning","value":"Age group tag is not applicable in the traditional sense; omitted as this is a cell line study.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2026.111233","tag_type":"warning","value":"No sample size in the traditional human-trial sense; tag reflects a cell-based experimental model.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.exer.2026.111233","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study is entirely in vitro (661W murine cell line); no animal or human data — clinical applicability is speculative at this stage.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This in vitro study evaluated whether Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) protects 661W photoreceptor cells from hypoxic injury (2% O₂ vs. 21% O₂), testing APS concentrations of 100–2000 μg/mL across 24–72 h, with focus on oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, apoptosis, and autophagy.","key_result":"APS ≤1000 μg/mL was non-cytotoxic under normoxia; at 1000 μg/mL it provided optimal protection against hypoxia-induced cell death, reducing ROS, preserving mitochondrial membrane potential, suppressing HIF-1α accumulation, inhibiting both caspase-dependent and AIF-mediated apoptosis, and enhancing autophagy — with the protective effect strongest at 24–48 h and diminished at 72 h.","limitations":"- Findings are limited to a single murine photoreceptor cell line (661W); no in vivo validation is presented.\n- Benefit wanes under prolonged hypoxia (72 h), limiting applicability to chronic retinal ischemia.\n- Optimal dosing is defined only in cell culture units (μg/mL), with no pharmacokinetic or translational dosing data.","practice_takeaway":"APS shows multi-target cytoprotection in acute photoreceptor hypoxia in vitro, but clinical translation requires in vivo studies; it is not yet applicable to patient care. Clinicians should note the narrow therapeutic window — 2000 μg/mL is toxic even under normoxia."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","pmid":"42531940","title":"Biofilm-associated reduced antimicrobial susceptibility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients: MIC–MBEC discordance","journal_title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease","journal_issn":"0732-8893","published_at":"2026-07-26T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","source_score":7,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":false,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-05T13:22:47.548Z","updated_at":"2026-08-05T13:22:47.548Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"age_group","value":"mixed","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"category","value":"Infectious Diseases","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"condition","value":"Cystic Fibrosis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"condition","value":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"generic","value":"amikacin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"generic","value":"azithromycin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"generic","value":"ciprofloxacin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"generic","value":"colistin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"generic","value":"levofloxacin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"generic","value":"tobramycin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"5","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"modality","value":"Aminoglycoside","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"modality","value":"Beta-Lactam","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"modality","value":"Fluoroquinolone","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"modality","value":"Macrolide","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"modality","value":"Polymyxin","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"study_design","value":"In Vitro Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117577","tag_type":"warning","value":"Full text was behind a paywall/CAPTCHA; all data extracted solely from the abstract. Sample size and specific numeric MIC/MBEC values are not available. Age and sex distribution of included patients are not reported in the abstract. Study design is in vitro; clinical outcome data are absent.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This study compared planktonic MIC values to minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC) for multiple antimicrobials tested against *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* isolates from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, using a peg-based biofilm model.","key_result":"All tested antimicrobials showed significantly reduced susceptibility under biofilm vs. planktonic conditions (p < 0.0001); no isolate had an MBEC lower than its MIC. Ciprofloxacin, amikacin, tobramycin, and azithromycin retained relatively better biofilm-state activity, while beta-lactams, levofloxacin, and colistin showed the greatest loss of efficacy.","limitations":"Full text was inaccessible; sample size, specific MIC/MBEC values, and isolate count are not reported here. The peg-based biofilm model may not fully replicate in vivo CF lung biofilm conditions. Findings are specific to CF-derived isolates and may not generalize to other patient populations.","practice_takeaway":"Standard MIC-based susceptibility testing may substantially underestimate the antibiotic concentrations needed to eradicate *P. aeruginosa* biofilms in CF patients. Consider biofilm-based susceptibility testing (MBEC) as a complementary tool when managing chronic CF lung infections, particularly when beta-lactams, levofloxacin, or colistin are being considered."}},{"doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","pmid":"42476335","title":"Effects of different micro- and nanoplastic polymers on steroidogenesis in a feto-placental in vitro model","journal_title":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology","journal_issn":"0303-7207","published_at":"2026-07-20T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","source_score":29,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-08-04T18:17:53.117Z","updated_at":"2026-08-04T18:17:53.117Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"category","value":"Endocrinology & Metabolism","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"condition","value":"Endocrine Disruption","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"condition","value":"Microplastic Exposure","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"condition","value":"Placental Steroidogenesis","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"generic","value":"polyamide 6,6","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"generic","value":"polyethylene terephthalate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"generic","value":"polymethylmethacrylate","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"generic","value":"polystyrene","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"generic","value":"polyvinyl chloride","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"safety_signal","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"6","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"modality","value":"Microplastics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"modality","value":"Nanoplastics","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"study_design","value":"In Vitro Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"warning","value":"Level of evidence set to 6 (in vitro/lab study); no clinical outcomes are measured.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"warning","value":"No sample size tag applied — this is a cell-based in vitro study with no human participants; N reflects experimental replicates, not patients.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"warning","value":"Sex tag omitted — cell lines used (BeWo, HUVEC, H295R) are of mixed or non-patient origin; participant sex is not applicable.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1016/j.mce.2026.112871","tag_type":"warning","value":"The study is published in 2026 and represents early-stage mechanistic evidence; clinical relevance of the specific concentrations used (1–10 μg/mL) relative to real-world human placental MNP exposure is uncertain.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"A Transwell tri-culture in vitro model (BeWo b30 + HUVEC + H295R cells) was used to assess translocation and steroidogenic effects of seven micro- and nanoplastic (MNP) polymers — PS (50, 200, 1000 nm), PMMA, PVC, PA6,6, and PET — applied apically at 1 and 10 μg/mL over 72 hours.","key_result":"All tested MNPs crossed the feto-placental barrier (PMMA highest at 10.7%, PS50nm at 4.4%); PS1000nm and PS50nm (10 μg/mL) reduced 17-OH-DHP by 36% and 29%, respectively; PET, PMMA, PA6,6, and PVC reduced etiocholanolone by 23–25%; PS1000nm (1 μg/mL) lowered 17β-estradiol by 14%; CYP17 expression decreased with PS200nm and PS1000nm exposure.","limitations":"- This is an in vitro model; findings may not fully reflect complex in vivo placental physiology.\n- Custom-made polymers varied widely in size ranges, making direct polymer-to-polymer comparisons difficult.\n- F-PA6,6 translocation could not be reliably quantified, leaving a gap in polymer-specific data.","practice_takeaway":"MNPs can cross a modeled feto-placental barrier and disrupt steroidogenesis at environmentally plausible concentrations, suggesting a potential endocrine-disrupting risk during pregnancy. Clinicians should be aware of emerging evidence linking plastic exposure to placental hormone disruption, though clinical guidance awaits in vivo confirmation."}},{"doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00315.2025","pmid":"41955101","title":"Fibroblast cross talk promotes mucin synthesis by COPD-derived airway epithelial cells","journal_title":"American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology","journal_issn":"1040-0605","published_at":"2026-04-09T00:00:00.000Z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00315.2025","source_score":2,"is_retracted":false,"is_open_access":true,"raw_metadata":{"pubmed":true,"crossref":true,"unpaywall":true},"created_at":"2026-05-21T13:21:05.863Z","updated_at":"2026-05-21T13:21:05.863Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00315.2025","tag_type":"age_group","value":"adult","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00315.2025","tag_type":"category","value":"Respiratory System","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00315.2025","tag_type":"condition","value":"Chronic Mucus Hypersecretion","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00315.2025","tag_type":"condition","value":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00315.2025","tag_type":"generic","value":"anti-IL-6 neutralizing antibody","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00315.2025","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00315.2025","tag_type":"level_of_evidence","value":"6","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00315.2025","tag_type":"modality","value":"Neutralizing Antibody","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00315.2025","tag_type":"study_design","value":"In Vitro Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00315.2025","tag_type":"warning","value":"No specific sample size (number of COPD patient donors) was reported in the abstract; total N is indeterminate from available text.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00315.2025","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study design is classified as 'In Vitro Study'; no animal or human intervention was performed, so level of evidence is set to 6 (mechanistic bench study).","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1152/ajplung.00315.2025","tag_type":"warning","value":"The IL-6 neutralization experiment was performed in Calu-3 cell line cocultures, not in primary COPD PBECs, which limits direct clinical extrapolation.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"This in vitro study examined whether primary airway fibroblasts (PAFs) promote mucous cell differentiation and mucin release in primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) from COPD patients with chronic mucus hypersecretion (CMH), using air-liquid interface cocultures, and whether IL-6 signaling mediates this effect.","key_result":"Coculture of PBECs with PAFs increased MUC5B mRNA expression and elevated secreted MUC5AC and MUC5B protein levels; 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Notably, all were infected with genotype D1.1 instead of B3.13, the dominant genotype before November 2024. Here, we demonstrated that D1.1 could replicate to higher titers in human nasal and airway organoid-derived transwell monolayers from 6 donors. D1.1 exhibited a better binding to α2,3- and α2,6-linked SA than B3.13. No significant differences in most inflammatory or antiviral cytokines/chemokines was observed. 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techniques","updated":"2025-09-06T02:51:56+00:00","published_date":"2025-09-04","best_oa_location":null}},"created_at":"2025-09-28T07:02:03.685Z","updated_at":"2025-10-06T07:08:34.463Z","tags":[{"paper_doi":"10.1111/ics.70024","tag_type":"category","value":"Dermatology","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/ics.70024","tag_type":"generic","value":"panthenol","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/ics.70024","tag_type":"impact_flag","value":"limited_evidence","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/ics.70024","tag_type":"modality","value":"Cosmetic Ingredient","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/ics.70024","tag_type":"study_design","value":"In Vitro Study","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/ics.70024","tag_type":"warning","value":"Findings are limited to hair fiber imaging/NMR and mechanical testing; no human outcomes were reported.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/ics.70024","tag_type":"warning","value":"No sample size or quantitative effect sizes were provided.","value_numeric":null},{"paper_doi":"10.1111/ics.70024","tag_type":"warning","value":"Study type inferred as an in vitro mechanistic lab study.","value_numeric":null}],"summaries":{"what_studied":"Laboratory imaging and spectroscopy assessed how panthenol enters hair and interacts with hair proteins; deuterium‑labeled panthenol was visualized by NanoSIMS and interactions were probed by solid‑state NMR, with mechanical testing versus untreated control hair.","key_result":"Panthenol localized to cortical protein regions; NMR showed direct interaction between panthenol N‑H and protein aromatic side chains with a shared proton signal, and treated hair had higher break stress and elastic modulus than control hair (no numeric values reported).","limitations":"No numerical effect sizes, sample sizes, or exposure conditions are reported; outcomes are limited to lab imaging/NMR and mechanical tests without human or clinical endpoints.","practice_takeaway":"Panthenol penetrates the hair cortex and is associated with higher tensile properties versus untreated hair in lab testing, consistent with hydrogen bonding to hair proteins; consider this mechanistic support when discussing panthenol‑containing hair products, noting the absence of clinical outcomes."}}],"initialOffset":10,"fetchConfig":{"kind":"tags","tags":[{"tag_type":"study_design","value":"In Vitro Study"}]},"breadcrumbItems":[{"name":"Home","href":"/"},{"name":"Research Hub","href":"/hub"},{"name":"Study Designs","href":"/hub/tag/study_design"},{"name":"In Vitro Study"}],"hrefConfig":{"basePath":"/hub/papers","webViewQueryParams":{"hub_ctx":"tag","hub_tag_type":"study_design","hub_tag_value":"In Vitro Study"}}}]]

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