This review examines how circadian rhythms dynamically regulate cancer immune surveillance — termed 'temporal immune surveillance' — covering intrinsic immune cell clocks, clock-mediated gene networks, and systemic neuro-immune and microbiota-immune axes, with a focus on chrono-immunotherapy strategies.
Circadian rhythm disruption impairs immune surveillance and fosters an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment; the authors propose a three-pillar chrono-immunotherapy framework: (1) timing existing therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, (2) pharmacologically reprogramming disrupted clocks, and (3) pre-synchronizing host physiology via lifestyle interventions like time-restricted eating.
As a review/framework paper, no original clinical or preclinical data are presented; the chrono-immunotherapy pillars remain largely theoretical and lack prospective validation. Circadian biomarkers and personalized regimens discussed are not yet standardized for clinical use.
Consider the timing of immune checkpoint inhibitor administration as an emerging variable in oncology practice, as circadian biology may influence treatment efficacy. Watch for forthcoming trials on circadian biomarkers and time-restricted eating as pre-synchronization strategies in cancer care.
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