Journal of Investigative Dermatology

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Interventions to increase sunscreen use in adults: a review of the literature

Health Educ Behav

Chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization VIII: thermal decomposition of dibenzoyl peroxides in solution [1]

Helv Chim Acta

UVA and UVB in sunlight, optimal utilization of UV rays in sunlight for phototherapy

Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol

Benzoyl peroxide stability in pharmaceutical gel preparations

J Pharm Sci

Studies on benzene formation in beverages

J Food Drug Anal

Efficacy and safety of microencapsulated benzoyl peroxide and microencapsulated tretinoin for the treatment of acne vulgaris: results from two phase 3 double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled studies

J Am Acad Dermatol

Guidance for industry. Topical acne drug products for over-the-counter human use—revision of labeling and classification of benzoyl peroxide as safe and effective

Small Entity Compliance Guide

Benzoyl peroxide for acne treatment is not associated with an increased risk of malignancy: a retrospective cohort study [e-pub ahead of print]

J Am Acad Dermatol

Benzene production from decarboxylation of benzoic acid in the presence of ascorbic acid and a transition-metal catalyst

J Agric Food Chem

Über neue Synthesen mittels organischer Peroxyde, IV.: die Einwirkung von Dibenzoylperoxyd auf Diphenyl

Ber Dtsch Chem Ges A/B

Guidelines on stability studies of pharmaceutical products and shelf life estimation

Int J Adv Pharm Biotechnol

Leukemia risk associated with low-level benzene exposure

Epidemiology

Maximum vehicle cabin temperatures under different meteorological conditions

Int J Biometeorol

The effect of copper salts on the thermal decomposition of benzoyl peroxide in benzene

Tetrahedron Lett

Chronic exposure to benzene (benzol). II. The clinical effects

J Ind Hyg Toxicol

Benzoyl peroxide increases UVA-induced plasma membrane damage and lipid oxidation in murine leukemia L1210 cells

J Invest Dermatol

[Dosimetry of solar ultraviolet radiation. Daily and monthly changes in Paris]

Ann Dermatol Venereol

Evaluation of headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of benzene in vitamin C drinks; pitfalls of headspace in benzene detection

Biomed Chromatogr

Benzoyl peroxide drug products form benzene

Environ Health Perspect

A general static-headspace gas chromatographic method for determination of residual benzene in oral liquid pharmaceutical products

J Pharm Biomed Anal

Thermal hazard evaluation of the autocatalytic reaction of benzoyl peroxide using DSC and TAM III

Thermochim Acta

Skin exposure to aliphatic polyisocyanates in the auto body repair and refinishing industry: III. A personal exposure algorithm

Ann Occup Hyg

Benzoyl peroxide: a history of early research and researchers

Int J Dermatol

Effect of environmental conditions on the penetration of benzene through human skin

J Toxicol Environ Health

The kinetics of decomposition of benzoyl peroxide in solvents

J Am Chem Soc

Application of sunscreen--theory and reality

Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed

Residues of benzene in chemical products

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

No evidence for an association between benzoyl peroxide use and increased blood benzene levels in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Benzene as a chemical hazard in processed foods

Int J Food Sci

Uber chronische Vergiftungen mit Steinkohlen Benzin. Vier todes falle

Arch Hyg

Reduction of benzene formation in dibenzoyl peroxide formulations

WIPO

Advances in understanding benzene health effects and susceptibility

Annu Rev Public Health

Monitoring the benzene contents in soft drinks using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: a survey of the situation on the Belgian market

Pharmacoepidemiological research on N-Nitrosodimethylamine-Contaminated ranitidine use and long-term cancer risk: a population-based longitudinal cohort study

Int J Environ Res Public Health

Ranitidine use and incident cancer in a multinational cohort

JAMA Netw Open

The potent carcinogen, benzene, is a known degradation product of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and was recently reported to form when BPO drug products, used for acne and rosacea treatment, are incubated at body temperature and elevated temperatures expected during storage and transportation. This study provides evidence for a wide range of benzene concentrations (0.16-35.30 ppm) detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in 111 over-the-counter BPO drug products tested and maintained at room temperature. A prescription-encapsulated BPO drug product was stability tested at cold (2 °C) and elevated (50 °C) temperature, resulting in no apparent benzene formation at 2 °C and high levels of benzene formation at 50 °C, suggesting that encapsulation technology may not stabilize BPO drug products but that cold storage may greatly reduce benzene formation. Face model experiments where BPO drug product was applied to polymethyl methacrylate photoprotection test skin plates and benzene was detected in surrounding air by selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry showed detectable benzene through evaporation and substantial benzene formation when exposed to UV light at levels below peak sunlight. Results suggest that potential benzene exposure from formation during BPO drug product use poses significant risks independent of the starting benzene concentration.

Evaluation of Benzene Presence and Formation in Benzoyl Peroxide Drug Products.

Evaluation of Benzene Presence and Formation in Benzoyl Peroxide Drug Products

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