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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for flashforwards: Randomized multiple baseline single case experimental design in social anxiety disorder
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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy for flashforwards: Randomized multiple baseline single case experimental design in social anxiety disorder

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry·September 18Open Access
PsychiatryPsychology, ClinicalLimited evidenceSocial Anxiety DisorderSingle Case Experimental DesignPsychotherapyAdultEMDREye Movement Desensitization And Reprocessing

Summary

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What was studied

Whether EMDR therapy targeting 'flashforwards' (catastrophic future mental imagery) reduces daily social anxiety and avoidance compared to a randomized baseline phase, in 8 adults with social anxiety disorder who had failed prior CBT or had treatment complexity.

Key findings

Preregistered randomization tests found no statistically significant between-phase differences in daily social anxiety, daily avoidance, or weekly social anxiety severity. Exploratory permutation tests suggested possible reductions in daily social anxiety (6/8 participants), daily avoidance (3/8), and weekly severity (5/8), with aggregated effect sizes that were medium for social anxiety and small for avoidance.

Study limitations

The preregistered primary analyses were non-significant, making all positive findings hypothesis-generating only; no active treatment control condition was included; long-term follow-up was absent; and one participant lacked a clearly identifiable flashforward.

Clinical implications

EMDR targeting flashforwards in social anxiety disorder cannot yet be recommended based on this evidence alone — the confirmatory tests were negative. Clinicians should await adequately powered controlled trials before adopting this approach, though the exploratory signal for anxiety reduction may warrant further investigation.

Caveats

  • No active comparator or long-term follow-up was included, so durability and relative efficacy of EMDR for flashforwards remain unknown
  • Participants were recruited from a specialized center after CBT failure or due to treatment complexity, which may limit applicability to broader social anxiety disorder populations
  • Primary preregistered analyses were non-significant; positive signals come from unplanned, exploratory permutation tests only — results should not be interpreted as confirmatory evidence of efficacy
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  • Sample size of n=8 is very small, limiting generalizability and statistical power for detecting true between-phase differences

Related Questions

Explore related topics

EMDR therapy for social anxiety disorder outcomes compared to CBTMental imagery interventions for flashforwards in anxiety disordersSingle case experimental design methodology in psychotherapy research

Publication Details

Year
2026
Journal
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Sample Size
n=8
Source
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